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bupivacaine
Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to freeze tissue in a specific area.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/bupivacaine-hydrochloride.html )〕 It is used by injecting it into the area, around a nerve that supplies the area, or into the spinal canal's epidural space. It is available mixed with a small amount of epinephrine to make it last longer.〔 It typically begins working within 15 minutes and lasts for 2 to 8 hours.〔
Possible side effects include sleepiness, muscle twitching, ringing in the ears, changes in vision, low blood pressure, and an irregular heart rate. There are concerns that injecting it into a joint can cause problems with the cartilage. Concentrated bupivacaine is not recommended for epidural freezing. Epidural freezing may also increase the length of labor. It is a local anaesthetic of the amide group.〔
Bupivacaine was discovered in 1957. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. Bupivacaine is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.〔 The wholesale cost of a vial is about 2.10 USD.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=BUP025A&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=0%2E25%25&desc=Bupivacaine%20HCl&pack=new&frm=AMPOULE&rte=INJ&class_code2=01%2E2%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2801%2E2%2E%29Local%20anaesthetics%3Cbr%3E )〕
==Medical uses==
Bupivacaine is indicated for local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, sympathetic nerve block, and epidural and caudal blocks. It is sometimes used in combination with epinephrine to prevent systemic absorption and extend the duration of action. The 0.75% (most concentrated) formulation is used in retrobulbar block.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bupivacaine (Lexi-Drugs) )〕 It is the most commonly used local anesthetic in epidural anesthesia during labor, as well as in postoperative pain management.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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