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bureaucrat
A bureaucrat is a member of a bureaucracy and can compose the administration of any organization of any size, although the term usually connotes someone within an institution of government. Some usages restrict the term so that it only embraces lower-ranked staff members in an agency, excluding higher-ranked managers, or so that it only signifies officials who perform certain functions, such as those who work "desk jobs" (the French word for "desk" being ''bureau'', though ''bureau'' can also be translated as "office").
==History==
The term ''bureaucrat'' was first used in print during the French Revolution, by the journalist Fouilloux in the ''Père Duchesne'' in 1791, writing that the object most deserving of his disgust was the bureaucrat, harbinger of a "new mode of servitude". The job of a bureaucrat has been around for many generations, from Ancient China, the Roman Empire, the church, the Ottoman Empire to the kingdoms of Europe. Bureaucrats in the United States originated when the 13 colonies became a country and got tired of the tyrannical British executive power. The 13 colonies became united and had systemic changes in long-established political and institutional arrangements which first had to be negotiated in order to begin to accommodate national administrative capacities to the American people.〔Nelson, M. (1982). A Short, Ironic History of American National Bureaucracy. ''Journal Of Politics'', 44(3), 747.〕 At the first continental congress of 1775, the base of American bureaucrats, their purpose, started to develop. Their goal at the time was to break away from British administrative power and to have their own administration institutions. Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson and many others dealt with most of the administrative problems that presidents and department heads face today.〔 The efforts of public officials and organized political groups to enhance popular control of government inadvertently planted the seeds of modern bureaucratic powers.〔 Early American bureaucrats had to follow the president's ideals of administrative duties and authorities to the country. Presidents like Adams and Jefferson assigned bureaucratic spots for the people who had their same political belief system. Then during the Andrew Jackson era he established the patronage system for bureaucrats in getting hired. Bureaucrats would have the job based on their alliance with Jackson as opposed to their skills as bureaucrats. This led to popular resentment of the emerging administrative independence, specifically of the social privilege associated with agency staffing and the corruption that were by-products of this independence.〔 President James Garfield did not agree with the patronage system because bureaucrats weren't getting assigned for their skills or experience. Garfield's ideals led to his assassination by Charles Guiteau for not receiving a position as a bureaucrat which resulted in the Pendleton Act that replaced the patronage system in assigning bureaucrats. The industrial revolution and the expansion of the country to the west caused more need of bureaucrats on the job. The biggest shift for bureaucrats was during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency when Congress enacted the New Deal that brought more bureaucratic jobs in the United States because of bigger government. Then when the United States entered World War II, high demands of the war led to more agencies and bureaucrats. After the war, the number of bureaucrats decreased but still remained at a higher level than when it first initiated in the United States. The number of bureaucrats working has not increased after the war and remains around the same number today in the 21st century but the influence of bureaucrats has increased much higher after Franklin Roosevelt's presidency and are recognized as an important part of American government.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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