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burn
A burn is a type of injury to skin , or other tissues, caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation.〔 Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns. When the injury extends into some of the underlying layers, it is described as a partial-thickness or second-degree burn. In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin. A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone.
The treatment required depends on the severity of the burn. Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers. Cooling with tap water may help relieve pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged exposure may result in low body temperature. Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings. It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact. Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting. Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, because the subsequent inflammatory response causes significant capillary fluid leakage and edema. The most common complications of burns involve infection.
While large burns can be fatal, modern treatments developed since 1960 have significantly improved the outcomes, especially in children and young adults.〔 Globally, about 11 million people seek medical treatment, and 300,000 die from burns each year.〔 In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries.〔 The long-term outcome is primarily related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.
==Signs and symptoms==
The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days.〔〔 Individuals suffering from more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture.〔 While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black.〔 Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive.〔 More worrisome signs include: shortness of breath, hoarseness, and stridor or wheezing.〔 Itchiness is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children. Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury.〔 Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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