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butanol
Butanol (also butyl alcohol) refers to a four-carbon alcohol with a formula of C4H9OH. There are four possible isomeric structures for butanol, from a straight-chain primary alcohol to a branched-chain tertiary alcohol. It is primarily used as a solvent, as an intermediate in chemical synthesis, and as a fuel. It is sometimes also called ''biobutanol'' when produced biologically.
==Isomers==
The unmodified term ''butanol'' usually refers to the straight chain isomer with the alcohol functional group at the terminal carbon, which is also known as ''n''-butanol or 1-butanol. The straight chain isomer with the alcohol at an internal carbon is ''sec''-butanol or 2-butanol. The branched isomer with the alcohol at a terminal carbon is isobutanol or 2-methyl-1-propanol, and the branched isomer with the alcohol at the internal carbon is ''tert''-butanol or 2-methyl-2-propanol.
Butanol isomers, due to their different structures, have somewhat different melting and boiling points. ''n''-Butanol and isobutanol have limited solubility, ''sec''-butanol has substantially greater solubility, while ''tert''-butanol is fully miscible with water. This is because all alcohols have a hydroxyl group which makes them polar which in turn tends to promote solubility in water. At the same time, the carbon chain of the alcohol resists solubility in water. Methanol, ethanol, and propanol are fully miscible with water, while n-butanol is only moderately soluble because of the balance between the two opposing solubility trends.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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