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By-elections (known as special elections in the United States) are elections to fill political offices that have become vacant between general elections In most cases these elections occur when the incumbent died or resigned, but they also occur when the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office (because of a recall, ennoblement, criminal conviction, or failure to maintain a minimum attendance). Less commonly, these elections have been called when a constituency election is invalidated by voting irregularities. "By-elections" get their name because members of some parliaments were required to seek re-election upon being appointed to a ministerial post. The subsequent elections were termed "ministerial by-elections". In the United States, these contests have been called "special elections" because they do not always occur in November like regular congressional elections (though some do). But despite their name, "special" elections to the U.S. House happen relatively often and generate considerable media attention. Furthermore, research shows that special elections are largely explained by the same factors as regular congressional elections. == In single-member constituencies == By-elections are held in most nations that elect their parliaments through single-member constituencies, whether with or without a runoff round. This includes most Commonwealth countries, such as the United Kingdom, Canada and Pakistan, as well as non-Commonwealth countries such as France.〔For Italy, where it was provided by electoral law up to 2006, see Giampiero Buonomo, (I subentri nelle assemblee parlamentari ).〕 In the United States, special elections are held when a seat in the House of Representatives, state legislature, or local legislature becomes vacant. At the federal level, the U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House of Representatives be filled with a special election (unlike the Senate, where governors in most states have the power to appoint replacements). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「byelection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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