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Bylina or Starina ((ロシア語:''были́на''); pl. (ロシア語:''были́ны'') Byliny; also (ロシア語:''стари́на''); pl. (ロシア語:''стари́ны'') Stariny) is a traditional East Slavic oral epic narrative poem.〔 Byliny songs are loosely based on historical fact, greatly embellished with fantasy or hyperbole to create their songs.〔 The word Bylina is derived from the past tense of the verb “to be” (Russian: ''быть'' byt') and implies “something that was.”〔 The term most likely originated with scholars of Russian folklore; in 1839, Sakharov, a Russian folklorist, published an anthology of Russian folklore, a section of which he titled “Byliny of the Russian People,” causing the popularization of the term.〔〔 Later scholars believe that Sakharov misunderstood the word bylina in the opening of ''Igor’ Tale'' as “an ancient poem.” The folk singers of byliny called these songs stariny (Russian: ''старины'') or starinki (Russian: ''старинки'') meaning “stories of old” (from Russian: ''старь'' star').〔 ==History== Most historians of East Slavic and Russian folklore believe that byliny as a genre arose during the Kievan period, during the tenth and eleventh century; byliny continued to be composed till about the arrival of the Tatars in the thirteenth century and the destruction of the Old East Slavic civilization. Byliny incorporate elements of history from several epochs into their stories. For example, byliny singers refer to many of the enemies of the Kievan people as Tartars though the stories originally referred to other steppe peoples in conflict with Kievan Rus’. The character of Prince Vladimir refers to a generalized “epic Vladimir” rather than an allusion to a specific historical Vladimir. ==Collections== Byliny have been collected in Russia since the seventeenth century; initially they were published for entertainment in prose paraphrases. The Cossack Kirsha Danilov compiled the most notable of the early collections in the Ural region for the mill owner Prokofi Demidov in the middle of the eighteenth century. In the middle of the nineteenth century Pavel Rybnikov traveled through the region of Lake Onega and rediscovered that the bylina tradition, which was thought to be extinct, still flourished among the peasants of northeast Russia. A storm stranded Rybnikov on an island in Lake Onega where he heard the sound of a bylina being sung; he persuaded the singer to repeat the song and wrote down his words. He proceeded to collect several hundred bylina, all of which he recorded from spoken paraphrase, and published them from 1861 to 1867 in several volumes entitled ''Songs Collected by P. N. Rybnikov''. Another influential collector, Alexander Gilferding, published one collection entitled ''Onega Bylinas Recorded by A. F. Gilferding in the Summer of 1871''. He improved upon Rybnikov’s work by transcribing the byliny directly from the sung performance rather than the spoken retellings. He noticed that the rhythm differed between the sung and spoken versions, and asked the performers to pause for a longer period of time between lines to allow him time to record the words from the song itself. He also organized his collection by singer rather than subject and included short biographical sketches of the performers with their collected songs, thus focusing on the singer’s role in the composition of the song. Following the work of Rybnikov and Gilferding, many more scholars searched for byliny everywhere in northern Russia, and obtained byliny from the shores of the White Sea and the rivers flowing to the north. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「bylina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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