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calitoxin
Calitoxin, also known as CLX, is a sea anemone neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone ''Calliactis parasitica''. It targets crabs and octopuses, among other invertebrates. Two isoforms (CLX-1 and CLX-2) have been identified, both of which are formed from precursors stored in the stinging cells of the anemone. Once the toxin is activated and released, it causes paralysis by increasing neurotransmitter release at invertebrate neuromuscular junctions. Along with several other toxins derived from anemones, CLX is useful in ion channel research. Certain structural aspects of calitoxin are dissimilar from sea anemone toxins that also target the sodium ion channels. Other toxins resembling calitoxin function in completely different ways.
== Source and discovery ==
Calitoxin is a highly potent neurotoxin produced by the sea anemone ''Calliactis parasitica'', which is stored in the nematocysts of stinging cells (cnidocytes). This sea anemone is a species from the Hormathiidae family and is present along the European coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. The name calitoxin is derived from the organism from which the toxin was isolated. The toxin was isolated by a team of researchers in Naples, Italy from animals collected in the Bay of Naples. The team isolated the polypeptide through a series of centrifugations until the supernatant had lost toxic activity. The resulting pellet was purified using the techniques liquid chromatography, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. The team then sequenced the purified polypeptide chain. They also published details on the toxin's effects ''in vitro'' on crustacean tissue preparations, including nerve and muscle. Their findings were published in the journal ''Biochemistry'' in 1989.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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