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calypso music
Calypso is a style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to mid-20th century. Its rhythms can be traced back to West African Kaiso and the arrival of French planters and their slaves from the French Antilles in the 18th century.
Calypso drew upon African and French influences, and became the voice of the people. It was characterized by highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals, which was most often sung in a French creole and led by a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot (originally a similar traveling musician in West Africa) became known as a ''chantuelle'' and eventually, ''calypsonian''. As English replaced "patois" (Antillean creole) as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the government. It allowed the masses to challenge the doings of the unelected Governor and Legislative Council, and the elected town councils of Port of Spain and San Fernando. Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression, and also served to document the history of Trinidad and Tobago.
Calypso in the Caribbean includes a range of genres, including: the Benna genre of Antiguan and Barbudan music; Mento, a style of Jamaican folk music that greatly influenced ska and reggae; Ska, the precursor to rocksteady and reggae; Spouge, a style of Barbadian popular music; Dominica Cadence-lypso, which mixed calypso with the cadence of Haiti; and soca music, a style of Kaiso/calypso, with influences from cadence-lypso, soul, and funk.
==Etymology==
It is thought that the name "calypso" was originally "kaiso" which is now believed to come from Efik "ka isu" ("go on!") and Ibibio "kaa iso" ("continue, go on"), used in urging someone on or in backing a contestant.〔Richard Allsopp, ''Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage'' (Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 131.〕 There is also a Trinidadian term "cariso" that is used to refer to "old-time" calypsos.〔Mendes (1986), p. 30.〕 The term "calypso" is recorded from the 1930s onwards. Alternatively, the insert for ''The Rough Guide to Calypso and Soca'' (published by World Music Network) favours John Cowley's arguments in ''Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making'': that the word might be a corruption of the French ''carrouseaux'' and through the process of patois and Anglicization became ''caliso'' and then finally "calypso". Alternatively, they also say that the first mention of the world "calypso" is given in a description of a dance in 1892 by Abbé Masse.〔John Cowley, (''Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making'' ), Cambridge University Press, p. 98.〕
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