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Campanology (from Late Latin ''campana'', "bell"; and Greek , ''-logia'') is the study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are cast, tuned and sounded – as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bell-ringing as an art. It is common to collect together a set of tuned bells and treat the whole as one musical instrument. Such collections – such as a Flemish carillon, a Russian ''zvon'', or an English "ring of bells" used for change ringing – have their own practices and challenges; and campanology is likewise the study of perfecting such instruments and composing and performing music for them. In this sense, however, the word ''campanology'' is most often used in reference to relatively large bells, often hung in a tower. It is not usually applied to assemblages of smaller bells, such as a glockenspiel, a collection of tubular bells, or an Indonesian gamelan. ==Shape and tuning== "A bell is divided into the body or barrel, the ear or cannon, and the clapper or tongue. The lip or sound bow is that part where the bell is struck by the clapper."〔Beach, Frederick Converse and Rines, George Edwin (eds.) (1907). ''(The Americana )'', p.BELL-SMITH—BELL. Scientific American. (), ().〕 The traditional profile (or shape), hollow cup with wide flaring lip, of a bell is determined by the acoustic properties sought. According to Fuller-Maitland writing in ''Grove's dictionary of music and musicians'': "Good tone means that a bell must be in tune with itself."〔 A bell is generally considered well-tuned if it corresponds to certain standards regarding its partials and thus proportions. These partials or elements of the sound of a bell are split up into hum (an octave below the named note, see subharmonic), strike tone (tap note, named note), tierce (minor third), quint (fifth), and nominal (octave). Further notes include the major third and perfect fifth in the second octave. "Whether a founder tunes the nominal or the strike note makes little difference, however, because the nominal is one of the main partials that determines the tuning of the strike note."〔Neville Horner Fletcher, Thomas D. Rossing (1998). ''The Physics of Musical Instruments'', p.685. ISBN 978-0-387-98374-5. Cites Schoofs et al., 1987 for major-third bell.〕 A heavy clapper brings out lower partials (clappers often being about 3% of a bell's mass), while a higher clapper velocity strengthens higher partials (0.4 m/s being moderate). The relative depth of the "bowl" or "cup" part of the bell also determines the number and strength of the partials in order to achieve a desired timbre. Bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin (bell metal), with the tone varying according to material. Tone and pitch is also affected by the method in which a bell is struck. It will be noticed that Asian large bells are often bowl shaped but lack the lip and are often not free-swinging. Also note the special shape of Bianzhong bells, allowing two tones. The scaling or size of most bells to each other may be approximated by the equation for circular cylinders: ''f=Ch/D2'', where ''h'' is thickness, ''D'' is diameter, and ''C'' is a constant determined by the material and the profile.〔Rossing, Thomas D. (2000). ''Science of Percussion Instruments'', p.139. ISBN 978-981-02-4158-2.〕 Previously tuned through chipping, bells are now tuned after casting with vertical lathes by paring out the inside to flatten or edge to sharpen, with sharpening best being avoided.〔Musical Association (1902), p.30.〕 On the theory that pieces in major keys may better be accommodated, after many unsatisfactory attempts, in the 1980s, using computer modeling for assistance in design by scientists at the Technical University in Eindhoven, bells with a major-third profile were created by the Eijsbouts Bellfoundry in the Netherlands,〔 being described as resembling old Coke bottles〔http://www.cs.yale.edu/~douglas-craig/bells/Basic/what-is-a-carillon.pdf〕 in that they have a bulge around the middle;〔"(Major third bell )", ''Andrelehr.nl''.〕 and in 1999 a design without the bulge was announced.〔 ==Carillons== (詳細はJef Denyn still have world fame〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Jef+Denyn )〕 The instrument is played sitting on a bench by hitting the top keyboard that allows expression through variation of touch, with the underside of the half-clenched fists, and the bottom keyboard with the feet, since the lower notes in particular require more physical strength than an organ, the latter not attaining the tonal range of the better carillons: for some of these, their bell producing the lowest tone, the 'bourdon', may weigh well over 8 tonnes; other fine bells settle for 5 to 6 tonnes. A carillon renders at least two octaves for which it needs 23 bells, though the finest have 47 to 56 bells or extravagantly even more, arranged in chromatic sequence, so tuned as to produce concordant harmony when many bells are sounded together. The oldest are found in church towers in continental northern Europe, especially in cathedral towers in Belgium and present-day northern France, where some (like the St. Rumbolds Cathedral in Mechelen, the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp) became UNESCO World Heritage Sites – classified with the Belfry of Bruges and its municipal Carillon under 'Belfries of Belgium and France'. The carillon of Kirk in the Hills, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, United States, along with the one at Hyechon College in Daejoen, South Korea, have the highest number of bells in the world: 77. Modern large carillon edifices have been erected as stand-alone instruments across the world, for instance the Netherlands Carillon at Arlington National Cemetery. The carillon in the Church of St Peter, Aberdyfi, Gwynedd, Wales is often used to play the famous 'Bells of Aberdovey' tune. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「campanology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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