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A canoe is a lightweight narrow boat, typically pointed at both ends and open on top, propelled by one or more seated or kneeling paddlers facing the direction of travel using a single-bladed paddle.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/canoe )〕 In some European countries, like the United Kingdom, the term canoe is often used for both canoes and kayaks,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Buying a canoe or kayak )〕 with canoes called ''Canadian canoes'' then. This is seen in the International Canoe Federation nomenclature. Canoes are used for racing, whitewater canoeing, touring and camping, freestyle, and general recreation. The intended use of the canoe dictates its hull shape and length and construction material. Historically, canoes were dugouts or made of bark on a wood frame,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/dugout-canoe )〕 but construction materials evolved to canvas on a wood frame, then to aluminum. Most modern canoes are made of molded plastic or composites such as fiberglass. Until the mid-1800s the canoe was an important means of transport for exploration and trade, but then transitioned to recreational or sporting use. Canoeing has been part of the Olympics since 1936. In places where the canoe played a key role in history, such as the northern United States, Canada, and New Zealand, the canoe remains an important theme in popular culture. Canoes can be adapted to many purposes, for example with the addition of sails, outboard motors, and outriggers. ==History== The word canoe comes from the Carib kenu (dugout), via the Spanish canoa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.canoe.ca/AllAboutCanoes/ )〕 Constructed between 8200 and 7600 BC, and found in the Netherlands, the Pesse canoe may be the oldest known canoe. Excavations in Denmark reveal the use of dugouts and paddles during the Ertebølle period, (ca 5300 BC – 3950 BC).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.abc.se/~pa/publ/tybrind.htm#logboats )〕 Australian Aboriginal people made canoes using a variety of materials, including bark and hollowed out tree trunks. The indigenous people of the Amazon commonly used Hymenaea trees. Many indigenous peoples of the Americas built bark canoes. They were usually skinned with birch bark over a light wooden frame, but other types could be used if birch was scarce. At a typical length of and weight of , the canoes were light enough to be portaged, yet could carry a lot of cargo, even in shallow water. Although susceptible to damage from rocks, they are easily repaired.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/watercraft/wab01eng.shtml )〕 Their performance qualities were soon recognized by early European immigrants, and canoes played a key role in the exploration of North America,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.canoemuseum.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119&Itemid=83 )〕 with Samuel de Champlain canoeing as far as the Georgian Bay in 1615. René de Bréhant de Galinée a French missionary who explored the Great Lakes in 1669 declared: "The convenience of these canoes is great in these waters, full of cataracts or waterfalls, and rapids through which it is impossible to take any boat. When you reach them you load canoe and baggage upon your shoulders and go overland until the navigation is good; and then you put your canoe back into the water, and embark again. American painter, author and traveler George Catlin wrote that the bark canoe was "the most beautiful and light model of all the water crafts that ever were invented." Native American groups of the north Pacific coast made dugout canoes in a number of styles for different purposes, from western red-cedar (''Thuja plicata'') or yellow-cedar (''Chamaecyparis nootkatensis''), depending on availability. Different styles were required for ocean-going vessels versus river boats, and for whale-hunting versus seal-hunting versus salmon-fishing. The Quinault of Washington State built shovel-nose canoes, with double bows, for river travel that could slide over a logjam without portaging. The Kootenai of British Columbia province made sturgeon-nosed canoes from pine bark, designed to be stable in windy conditions on Kootenay Lake. The first explorer to cross the North American continent, Alexander Mackenzie, used canoes extensively, as did David Thompson and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In the North American fur trade the Hudson's Bay Company's voyageurs used three types of canoe:〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/transportation/canoe/ )〕 * The rabaska or ''canot du maître'' was designed for the long haul from the St. Lawrence River to western Lake Superior. Its dimensions were: length approximately , beam , and height about . It could carry 60 packs weighing , and of provisions. With a crew of eight or ten (paddling or rowing), they could make three knots over calm waters. Four to six men could portage it, bottom up. Henry Schoolcraft declared it "altogether one of the most eligible modes of conveyance that can be employed upon the lakes." Archibald McDonald of the Hudson's Bay Company wrote: "I never heard of such a canoe being wrecked, or upset, or swamped ... they swam like ducks."〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NRHP/Text/64500288.pdf )〕 * The du nord (French: "canoe of the north"), a craft specially made and adapted for speedy travel, was the workhorse of the fur trade transportation system. About one-half the size of the Montreal canoe, it could carry about 35 packs weighing and was manned by four to eight men. It could be carried by two men and was portaged in the upright position.〔 * The express canoe or léger, was about long and were used to carry people, reports, and news. The birch bark canoe was used in a supply route from Montreal to the Pacific Ocean and the Mackenzie River, and continued to be used up to the end of the 19th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/canoeing )〕 Also popular for hauling freight on inland waterways in 19th Century North America were the York boat and the batteau. In 19th-century North America, the birch-on-frame construction technique evolved into the wood-and-canvas canoes made by fastening an external waterproofed canvas shell to planks and ribs by boat builders Old Town Canoe, E.M. White Canoe, Peterborough Canoe Company and at the Chestnut Canoe Company〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/canoes7.cfm )〕 in New Brunswick. Although canoes were once primarily a means of transport, with industrialization they became popular as recreational or sporting watercraft. John MacGregor popularized canoeing through his books, and in 1866 founded the Royal Canoe Club in London and in 1880 the American Canoe Association. The Canadian Canoe Association was founded in 1900, and the British Canoe Union in 1936. Sprint canoe was a demonstration sport at the 1924 Paris Olympics and became an Olympic discipline at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.olympic.org/canoe-kayak-sprint-equipment-and-history?tab=History )〕 The International Canoe Federation was formed in 1946 and is the umbrella organization of all national canoe organizations worldwide. In recent years First Nations in British Columbia, Washington State have been revitalizing the ocean-going canoe tradition. Beginning in the 1980s, the Heiltsuk and Haida were early leaders in this movement. The paddle to Expo '86 in Vancouver by the Heiltsuk, and the 1989 Paddle to Seattle were early instances of this. In 1993 a large number of Canoes paddled from up and down the coast to Bella Bella in its first canoe festival - 'Qatuwas.〔Neel, David The Great Canoes: Reviving a Northwest Coast Tradition. Douglas & McIntyre. 1995. ISBN 1-55054-185-4〕 The revitalization continued - an Tribal Journeys began with trips to various communities held most years. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「canoe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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