|
Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March. Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks during many such celebrations, an overturning of life's normal things. The celebrations have long been associated with heavy alcohol consumption. The term ''Carnival'' is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the ''Manila Carnival'' after 1939, the last carnival in the country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Pre-lenten festivals all over the world )〕 In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day. Rio de Janeiro's carnival is considered the world's largest, hosting approximately two million participants per day. In 2004, Rio's carnival attracted a record 400,000 foreign visitors.〔(Guinness World Records )〕 ==Etymology== The Latin-derived name of the holiday is sometimes also spelled ''Carnaval'', typically in areas where Dutch, German, French, Spanish, and Portuguese are spoken, or ''Carnevale'' in Italian-speaking contexts. Alternate names are used for regional and local celebrations. The oldest word which points in the direction of the word Carnaval, is listed on a certificate from the Italian Subiaco from 965 CE as a timestamp ''Carnelevare''. Also known from the 13th century are the words ''Carnisprivialis'', ''Carnis Privium'' and in an old Liège text the term ''Quarnivalle''.〔 The origin can be traced to the Latin expression ''Carne Levare'' (or ''carnelevarium'')〔, or Italian ''Carne lavare'' or ''Carnem levare'' which with reasonable certainty can be translated into "farewell to the flesh" or "taking away the flesh",〔(etymologiebank.nl ). etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.〕〔(Geschiedenis van carnaval | Omroep Brabant ). Omroepbrabant.nl (4 November 2008). Retrieved on 2015-05-13.〕 which was a ritual to prelude lent. Two other, less likely, explanations that the term would be a contraction of the Latin ''Carne'' (meat) and ''Paler'' (rule), literally "the time that meat reigns" and the Italian ''Carnueale'' or the French ''Carne Avalis'' (both mean so much as "devour flesh") are given as well.〔(Carnaval ). Meertens.knaw.nl. Retrieved on 13 May 2015.〕〔 The origin may also be from the Italian word "carrus" (''car''). Which may suggests an origin within Christianity as well as in earlier religions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「carnival」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|