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Catallaxy or catallactics is an alternative expression for the word "economy". Whereas the word economy suggests that people in a community possess a common and congruent set of values and goals, catallaxy suggests that the emergent properties of a market (prices, division of labor, growth, etc.) are the outgrowths of the diverse and disparate goals of the individuals in a community. Catallaxy is derived from the Greek verb ''katalatto'', which means “to exchange,” or “to become reconciled with,” or “to admit into the community,” or, “to change from an enemy into a friend.”〔Greek-English Lexicon, Liddell and Scott (Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1975 (first edition 1889), Seventh edition, p. 410〕 The cognate catallaxy, therefore, refers to a pattern of mutually beneficial interaction ("friendship") that does not require that participants share the same ends.〔Hayek, Freidrich; The Mirage of Social Justice, Volume 2: Law, Legislation, and Liberty; University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1972 pp. 108-109〕 Aristotle was the first person to define the word "economy" as ‘the art of household management’.〔Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1141b-32〕 As is still a common method of explanation today, Aristotle tried to explain complex market phenomena through an analogy between a household and a state, take for example the modern analogy between the national debt of a country's government and a simple consumer's credit card debt. Aristotle used a common Greek word 'oikonomia' that meant "to direct a single household," and used it to mean the management of an entire city-state.〔Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1140b-10〕 In reality, a group of households is not an "economy" since it is not one household, but many. The word catallaxy aims to provide a more accurate and inclusive word for the market phenomenon of groups of households, in which participants are free to pursue diverse ends of their own. First discussed by Ludwig von Mises, catallaxy was later made popular by Friedrich Hayek who defines it as follows: "the order brought about by the mutual adjustment of many individual economies in a market".〔Hayek, F.A. ''Law, Legislation, and Liberty'', Vol. 2, pp. 108–9.〕 Catallaxy is also used to refer to a marketplace of ideas, especially a place where people holding diverse political ideologies come together to gain deeper understanding of a wide range of political orientations.〔http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Political_Theory_Project/〕 Catallaxy also becomes a new dimension in software design and network architecture.〔Eymann, T., Padovan, B.and Schoder, D. in a Conference Paper at the 16th IFIP World Computer Congress, Conference on Intelligent Information Processing, Beijing/ PR China, August 21–25, 2000〕 ==See also== *Demonstrated preference *Partial knowledge *Invisible hand *''The Fatal Conceit'' *''The Use of Knowledge in Society'' *Tax choice *Wisdom of the crowd *Flat organization 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「catallaxy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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