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Catholicism (from Greek , ', "universal doctrine") and its adjectival form Catholic are used as broad terms for describing specific traditions in the Christian churches in theology, doctrine, liturgy, ethics, and spirituality. "Catholicism" and "Catholic" in this sense refer to the practices of several Christian churches. This sense is to be distinguished from the use of these words to refer to the Roman Catholic Church, that which is in full communion with the Holy See,〔McBrien, ''Catholicism'', 19-20.〕 as well as the Orthodox Catholic Church (commonly called the "Orthodox Church" or the "Eastern Orthodox Church"), which also considers itself the universal and apostolic church. In the sense of indicating historical continuity of faith and practice from the first millennium, the term "catholic" is employed by many other historic churches which claim to be "heirs of the apostolic faith". These consider themselves to be catholic, teaching that the term "designates the historic, orthodox mainstream of Christianity whose doctrine was defined by the ecumenical councils and creeds" and as such, most Reformers "appealed to this catholic tradition and believed they were in continuity with it." Within the Anglican Communion, the Oxford Movement promoted Anglo-Catholicism, which reemphasized the importance of doctrines such as the Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and apostolic succession. The Roman Catholic church teaches that Protestant churches are not in fact churches, as they do not have apostolic tradition of ordinations, and therefore, do not have valid eucharist, nor are they in full communion with the successor of saint Peter, the Pope. It does however recognise the shared apostolic tradition of the Eastern Orthodox church. Whilst it maintains that all salvation comes through the church, this leaves scope for the salvation of other Christians with an imperfect communion with the Roman Catholic church, i.e. Protestants. 〔http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03744a.htm〕 ==History of the term "Catholic"== (詳細はHistory of the term "Catholic"を参照) The earliest evidence of the use of the term ''Catholic Church'' is the ''Letter to the Smyrnaeans'' that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. Exhorting Christians to remain closely united with their bishop, he wrote: "Wherever the bishop shall appear, there let the multitude (the people ) also be; even as, wherever Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chapter VIII.—Let nothing be done without the bishop )〕 From the second half of the second century, the word began to be used to mean "orthodox" (non-heretical), "because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth, and to represent the whole Church, while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local".〔(J.H. Srawley's commentary on the Letter to the Smyrnaeans )〕 In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term "Catholic Christian" exclusively to those who followed the same faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome and Pope Peter of Alexandria.〔(Theodosian Code XVI.1.2 )〕 Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315–386), Augustine of Hippo (354–430) further developed the use of the term "catholic" in relation to Christianity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「catholicism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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