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A centurion ((ラテン語:centurio); , ''kentyríōn'', or , ''hekatóntarkhos'') was a professional officer of the Roman army after the Marian reforms of 107 BC. Most centurions commanded groups of centuries of around 80 men but senior centurions commanded cohorts or took senior staff roles in their legion. Centurions were also found in the Roman navy. In the Byzantine Army, they are also known by the name kentarch (, ''kentarchos''). Their symbol of office was the vine staff, with which they disciplined even Roman citizens protected from other forms of beating by the Porcian Laws. ==Role== In the Roman infantry, centurions initially commanded a ''centuria'' or "century". Centuries, or centuriae, developed from the Roman tribal system under the Servian reforms and could contain 200 to 1000 men. Later, generals and Caesars further manipulated these numbers with double and half-strength units. Julius Caesar, for instance, made the first century double strength. Centurions seemed to receive a much higher rate of pay than the average legionary, twice as much or more (possibly as much as 17 times as much as a legionary soldier〔Earl S. Johnson, Jr., "Centurion," ''The New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 1; Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2006,'' p. 580. ISBN 9780687054275〕). Veteran legionaries often worked as tenants of their former centurions.〔Rich, John. "Military Organization and Social Change." War and Society in the Roman World. Ed. Graham Shipley. Vol. 5. N.p.: n.p., 1993. N. pag. Print. Leicester-Notthingham Studies in Ancient Society〕 During the Imperial era, centurions gradually rose in seniority in their cohort, commanding centuries with higher precedence, until commanding the senior century and therefore the whole cohort. The very best centurions were then promoted to become centurions in the First Cohort, called ''Primi Ordines'', commanding one of the ten centuries and also taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the ''Primus Pilus'' who commanded the first century. All centurions, however senior, had their own allocated century. There was little difference between the ranks of centurions except for the ''Primus Pilus''. The ''Primus Pilus'' also participated in war councils.〔"centurion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Sep. 2012. The Primus Pilus was so called because his own century was the ''first file'' (''primus pilus'') of the first (rightmost) cohort. Only eight officers in a fully officered legion outranked the ''Primus Pilus'': the legate (''legatus legionis''), commanding the legion; the senior tribune (''tribunus laticlavus''), second-in-command of the legion; the Camp Prefect (''praefectus castrorum''); and the five other tribunes (''tribuni angusticlavii''), who apparently served as senior staff officers to the legate with a rank roughly equivalent to a modern colonel. Comparisons between the centurion grades and modern officer ranks can lead to many incorrect assumptions. Centurions could be elected, appointed by the Senate, or promoted "from the ranks" for a variety of reasons.〔 Julius Caesar is said to have promoted his centurions for displays of valor. Other historians cite examples of them being the first over the enemy's wall or through the breach. If this case were strictly so, then there would be a lack of centurions in peacetime garrisons, which is where the Roman Army mostly spent its time.〔 Nonetheless, although not directly comparable to modern ranks, the various centurion grades may be loosely compared to modern junior and middle officer grades.〔Goldsworthy, A. (2003) ''Complete Roman Army'' pp.68–73〕〔Hoffman, B. (1995) The quarters of the legionary centurions of the Principate. ''Britannia'' 26; 107-151〕 A modern captain typically commands a company of approximately 200 men; a typical centurion's command was therefore approximately equivalent, although he controlled far less weaponry than the modern officer. Centurions often suffered heavy casualties in battle, generally fighting alongside the legionaries they commanded. They usually led from the front, occupying a position at the front right of the century formation. They could be identified by the transverse horse-hair crest on top of their helmet, their metal greaves and (unlike the legionaries) the sword worn on the left, like all Roman officers.〔''The Legions of Rome'', Stephen Dando-Collins, pp40, Quercus (December 2010)〕 They led and inspired their men by example. They also sought to display the skill and courage that may have brought them to their rank in the first place. It is for these reasons that they often suffered a disproportionate number of casualties. Below the centurions were the ''optiones'', seconds-in-command of centuries. Being held personally responsible for the training and discipline of the legionaries under their command, centurions had a well-deserved reputation for dealing out harsh punishment. In ''The Annals'', Tacitus tells the story of one known as 'Cedo Alteram' - which roughly translates to 'Gimme Another': "The mutinous soldiers thrust out the tribunes and the camp-prefect; they plundered the baggage of the fugitives, and then killed a centurion, Lucilius, to whom, with soldier's humour, they had given the nickname 'Gimme Another', because when he had broken one vine-stick across a soldier's back, he would call in a loud voice for another... and another." The vine-stick mentioned above by Tacitus was called a ''vitis''; it was a symbol of the centurion's authority and the implement with which he would mete out punishment. Evidence suggests that centurions had important social status and held powerful positions in society. They seem to have received their status according to their rank.〔Justin R. Howell, The Imperial Authority and Benefaction of Centurions and Acts 10.34-43: A Response to C. Kavin Rowe.,Page numbers of article p25-51, 27p, Journal for the Study of the New Testament,Vol. 31 Issue 1,Sep2008〕 On retirement they could be eligible for employment as Lictors.〔''The Legions of Rome'', Stephen Dando-Collins, pp41, Quercus (December 2010)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「centurion」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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