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''Chaber'' or ''Ḥaber'' () is a Biblical term meaning "associate"; "colleague"; "fellow"; "companion"; "friend" (Ps. ).〔 The term is ordinarily used in rabbinical lore in its original Biblical sense (''Abot'' ii. 9, 10).〔משנה אבות פרק ב (in Hebrew)〕 A Talmudic proverb says, "Thy ''chaber'' has a ''chaber'', and thy ''chaber'' ==Scholar== The Rabbis urgently recommend study in company, asserting that only in this way can knowledge be acquired (''Berakot'' 63b;〔ברכות סג ב (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 ''Nedarim'' 81a〔נדרים פא א (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕); therefore, if necessary, one should even expend money for the purpose of acquiring a companion (''Abot de-Rabbi Natan'' viii. 3).〔אבות דרבי נתן ח ג (in Hebrew)〕 A prominent teacher of the second century declared that, while he had learned much from his masters, he had learned more from his "''chaberim''" (''Ta'anit'' 7a).〔תענית ז א (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 Hence the term came to mean a "companion in study," a "colleague"; and when preceded or followed by the term "''talmid''" (pupil) it denotes one who is at once the pupil and colleague of a certain teacher, a scholar who from being a pupil has risen to be a colleague or fellow (compare ''Baba Batra'' 158b;〔בבא בתרא קנח ב (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 ''Yerushalmi Shekalim'' iii. 47b〔(ירושלמי שקלים פרק שלישי ) (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕). Eventually "''chaber''" assumed the general meaning of "scholar" (''Baba Batra'' 75a),〔בבא בתרא עה א (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 and appears as a title subordinate to ''Chakam'' (compare ''Kiddushin'' 33b).〔קידושין לג ב (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 The title "''chaber''" was known in comparatively early times (eleventh century), when it probably referred to a member of a court of justice; but in Germany in later centuries it indicated that its possessor had devoted many years to the study of sacred literature.〔 In congregational life it was conferred as a rule on married men, but often also on yeshibah graduates who were single. Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschütz conferred it on the Christian professor Tychsen.〔 "''Chaber''" also denotes a member of a society or order ("''chaburah''," "''chaburta''," "''k'neset''" = "aggregation," "company," "union"), or of a union of Pharisees for the purpose of carrying out the observance of the laws of "clean" and "unclean" to their fullest possible development. In their eyes, any person about whom there was a doubt as to whether he was particular in the observance of these laws or those concerning the tithes was an ''am ha'aretz'', whose contact was defiling. But the term "''chaber''" is by no means synonymous with "''Parush''" (Pharisee), since not all Pharisees were ''chaberim'', though sometimes the generic term "''parush''" is used in its stead (''Tosefta'', ''Shabbat'' i. 15).〔(תוספתא שבת א 15 ) (in Hebrew)〕 Occasionally the more specific term "''ne'eman''" (trusty) takes the place of "''chaber''" (''Demai'' iv. 5,〔משנה דמאי ד ה (in Hebrew)〕 6〔משנה דמאי ד ו (in Hebrew)〕). On the Scriptural saying, "He shall . . . cleanse it and hallow it" (Lev. ), rabbinical ethics bases the maxim, "Cleanliness leads to holiness" (''Yerushalmi Shabbat'' i. 3c;〔(ירושלמי שבת פרק ראשון ) (in Hebrew/Aramaic)〕 compare ''Sotah'' ix. 15〔משנה סוטה ט טו (in Hebrew)〕). But cleanliness was understood to be closely connected with Levitical purity; of this there were several degrees, there being sections in the community which observed its rules more strictly and extensively than did others. Some even extended all the precautions necessary for the priest in eating holy things to the layman who lived on secular food (''Hagigah'' ii. 6,〔משנה חגיגה ב ו (in Hebrew)〕 7〔משנה חגיגה ב ז (in Hebrew)〕).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chaber」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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