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A chādor or chādar ((ペルシア語:چادر)), also known variously in English as chadah, chad(d)ar, chader, chud(d)ah, chadur, shador and naturalized as is an outer garment or open cloak worn by many Iranian women and female teenagers in public spaces or outdoors. Chador has ancient origins, at least from Achaemenid times. A chador is a full-body-length semicircle of fabric that is open down the front. This cloth is tossed over the woman's or girl's head, but then she holds it closed in the front. The chador has no hand openings, or any buttons, clasps, etc., but rather it is held closed by her hands or tucked under the wearer's arms. ==The History of Iranian women's clothing== Fadwa El Guindi, in her book on the history of ''hijab'', locates the origin of the Persian custom in ancient Mesopotamia, where respectable women veiled, and servants and prostitutes were forbidden to do so. The veil marked class status, and this dress code was regulated by sumptuary laws. Achaemenid Iranian women in art were mostly veiled,〔 and the first representation of chador is found on Ergili sculptures and the "Satrap sarcophagus" from Persian Anatolia.〔 The earliest written record of ''chador'' can be found in Pahlavi scripts from the 6th century, as a female head dress worn by Zoroastrian women. It is likely that the custom of veiling continued through the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sassanid periods. Veiling was not limited to women but was practiced also by the Persian shahs.〔 Upper-class Greek and Byzantine women were also secluded from the public gaze. El-Guindi believes that the Islamic ''hijab'' is a continuation of this ancient Mediterranean and Middle Eastern custom. European visitors of the 18th and 19th centuries have left pictorial records of women wearing the ''chador'' and the long white veil. The 20th century Pahlavi ruler Reza Shah banned the ''chador'' and all hijab in 1936, as incompatible with his modernizing ambitions. According to Mir-Hosseini as cited by El-Guindi, "the police were arresting women who wore the veil and forcibly removing it." This policy outraged the Shi'a clerics, and ordinary men and women, to whom "appearing in public without their cover was tantamount to nakedness." Many women refused to leave the house in fear of being assaulted by Reza Shah's police. However, she continues, "this move was welcomed by Westernized and upperclass men and women, who saw it in liberal terms as a first step in granting women their rights." However, for regular, non-activist women, it amounted to torture and desecration of their religion and themselves. A few even committed suicide.〔cited in El-Guindi 1999, p. 174〕 Beginning in 1980, a year after the revolution, the new government of Iran began to enforce wearing of the headscarf. The code was enforced most strictly in the years immediately following the revolution. With the cooling of revolutionary enthusiasm and increasing popular disenchantment with the new government, the rules of hijab have been largely eroded, in many ways only being a technicality among some women, who wear headscarves so far back on their heads it barely covers it, and often combined with a significant amount of makeup. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chador」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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