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chashi
is the Japanese term for the hilltop fortifications of the Ainu. The word is of Ainu origin, from ''casi'', which means palisade or palisaded compound; a rival theory relates the term to ''cas''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chashi )〕 Over 520 ''chashi'' have been identified in Hokkaidō, mostly in the eastern regions of the island; others are known from southern Sakhalin and the Kurils; similar phenomena such as the ''ostrogu'' of Kamchatka and the ''gorodische'' of northeast Asia may have developed independently. A few, including the Tōya ''casi'' of present-day Kushiro, date to the Muromachi period; the remainder date largely to the early seventeenth century.〔 As such their construction may be related to increased competition for resources as a result of "intensification of trade" with the Japanese.〔
==Form==
The early Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries described the ''chashi'' he encountered in eastern Hokkaidō in 1643:〔These forts were made as follows: on the mountain on which they were placed was a small road steep to climb, and round on the four sides palisades were placed of the height … of 1½ man's length; within this stood two or three houses. There were large fir doors in the palisades with strong clamps; when they were closed, two stout bars were passed through the clamps and thus fastened to them. At the two corners of these … palisades, a high scaffolding is made of fir planks, for a lookout.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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