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chelidae
The Chelidae are one of three living families of the turtle suborder Pleurodira and are commonly called the Austro-South American side-neck turtles. The family is distributed in Australia, New Guinea, parts of Indonesia, and throughout most of South America. It is a large family of turtles with a significant fossil history dating back to the Cretaceous. The family is entirely Gondwanan in origin, with no members found outside of Gondwana, either in the present day or as a fossil.〔Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.〕
==Description==
Like all pleurodirous turtles, the chelids withdraw their necks sideways into their shells, differing from cryptodires that fold their necks in the vertical plane. They are all highly aquatic species with webbed feet and the capacity to stay submerged for long periods of time. The snake-necked species (genera ''Chelus'', ''Chelodina'', and ''Hydromedusa'') are largely strike-and-gape hunters or foragers feeding on fish, invertebrates, and gastropods. The short-necked forms are largely herbivorous or molluscivorous, but are also opportunistic, with several species having specialized to eating fruits.
The highly aquatic nature of the group is typified by the presence of cloacal breathing in some species of the genera ''Elseya'' and ''Rheodytes''.〔Gordos, M.A., C.E. Franklin & C.J. Limpus (2004). Effect of water depth and water velocity upon the surfacing frequency of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle, ''Rheodytes leukops''. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 207:3099-3107.〕 However, some species, such as the eastern long-neck turtle (''Chelodina longicollis'') from Australia spend significant periods of time on land and are considered highly terrestrial.
The smaller members of the family include the Macleay river turtle (''Emydura macquarii'') at around 16 cm,〔Cann, J. (2008) ''Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide'', Qld, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.〕 twist-necked turtle (''Platemys platycephala'') at 18 cm and the western swamp turtle (''Pseudemydura umbrina'') at 15 cm, whereas the larger species such as the ''mata mata'' (''Chelus fimbriata'') and the white-throated snapping turtle (''Elseya albagula'') both exceed 45 cm in shell length.〔Thomson, S., Georges, A. and C. Limpus, (2006). A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus ''Elseya'' (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5(1):74-86.〕
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