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chervonets
Chervonets ((ロシア語:Черво́нец); plural chervontsy or chervontsev) is a former currency of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Originally a term for coins of purer alloy (the name derives from ''"червонное золото"'' ("chervonnoye zoloto") meaning ''pure gold'',) the name was later applied to various sums in Russian rubles.
==Pre-revolutionary chervonets==
The term comes from Polish ''czerwony złoty''. Before the reign of Peter I, the name chervonets was applied to various foreign gold coins in circulation in Russia, mostly Dutch ducats and sequins. In 1701, Russia introduced its own gold chervonets, which had the same mass (3.47 g) and alloy (.986) as the ducat. Unlike the gold coins minted in Russia from the 15th to the 17th centuries, which were used as awards only, the chervonets of Peter I took their place in the monetary system and were used in foreign trade. Chervontsy were minted until 1757, when they were displaced by the golden ruble (with a lower alloy) and by counterfeits of the Dutch ducat, which by then met the demand for trade in gold coins.
Under Nicolas II, the finance minister Sergei Witte conducted a currency reform
〔(Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography )〕 and 10 ruble gold coin (Nicolas II chervonets) started to be used in parallel with gold imperial (15 ruble gold coin) as a principal legal tender of the Russian golden standard. The mintage of 10 ruble coins in 1897−1911 was over 40 million pieces. Gold coins were in circulation and may be exchanged for banknotes of the same denomination without restrictions. On the 23 July/ 5 August 1914 a paper-to-gold exchange was suspended "temporarily" and never restored.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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