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Chimpanzees (sometimes called chimps) are an exclusively African species of extant great ape. Native to subsaharan Africa, chimpanzees are currently found in the Congo jungle. Classified in the genus ''Pan'', chimpanzees were considered to be one species. However, since 1928, they have been divided into two species: the chimpanzee (''P. troglodytes'') and the bonobo (''P. paniscus''). In addition, the chimpanzee is divided into five subspecies. Based on genome sequencing, the two extant ''Pan'' species diverged around one million years ago. The ancestors of the ''Pan'' genus split from humans four to six million years ago (mya). Their hair is typically black or brown. Males and females differ in size and appearance. Chimps and bonobos are one of the most social great apes, with social bonds occurring in large communities. Fruit is the most important component of an chimpanzee's diet; however, the apes will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and even other chimps. They can live over 30 years in both the wild and captivity. Chimpanzees are among the most intelligent primates; they use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes have been extensively studied for their learning abilities. There may even be distinctive cultures within populations. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Jane Goodall. Both chimpanzee species are considered to be Endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in the populations and ranges of both species. Threats to wild chimp populations include poaching, habitat destruction, and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild. ==Name== The first use of the name "Chimpanze" is recorded in ''The London Magazine'' in 1738,〔 The London Magazine 465, September 1738. "A most surprising creature is brought over in the Speaker, just arrived from Carolina, that was taken in a wood at Guinea. She is the Female of the Creature which the Angolans call Chimpanze, or the Mockman." (cited after OED)〕 glossed as meaning "Mockman" in a language of "the Angolans" (apparently from a Bantu language, reportedly modern Vili (Civili), a Zone H Bantu language, has the comparable ''ci-mpenzi''〔"chimpanzee" in American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2011.〕). The spelling ''Chimpanzee'' is found in a 1758 supplement to ''Chamber's Cyclopædia.〔"Chimpanzee, the name of an Angolan animal..In the year 1738, we had one of these creatures brought over into England." (cited after OED)〕 The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary ) (【引用サイトリンク】title=chimp definition | Dictionary.com )〕 The common chimpanzee was named ''Simia troglodytes'' by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in 1776. The species name ''troglodytes'' is a reference to the ''Troglodytae'' (literally "cave-goers"), an African people described by Greco-Roman geographers. Blumenbach first used it in his ''De generis humani varietate nativa liber'' ("() on the natural varieties of the human genus") in 1776,〔p. 37 in Blumenbach, J. F. 1776. De generis hvmani varietate nativa liber. Cvm figvris aeri incisis. – pp. (), 1–100, (), Tab. I-II (1–2 ). Goettingae. (Vandenhoeck).〕〔(AnimalBase species taxon summary for ''troglodytes'' Blumenbach, 1776 described in ''Simia'' ), version 11 June 2011〕 Linnaeus 1758 had already used ''Homo troglodytes'' for a hypothetical mixture of human and orang utan.〔Tubbs, P.K. 1985: OPINION 1368. THE GENERIC NAMES ''PAN'' AND ''PANTHERA'' (MAMMALIA, CARNIVORA): AVAILABLE AS FROM OKEN, 1816. ''Bulletin of zoological nomenclature'', 42: 365-370. ISSN: 0007-5167 (Internet Archive ) (BHL ) (BioStor ) corrigendum in ''Bulletin of zoological nomenclature'', 45: 304. (1988) (Internet Archive ) http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/44486#4 BHL 〕 The genus name ''Pan'' was first introduced by Lorenz Oken in 1816. An alternative ''Theranthropus'' was suggested by Brookes 1828 and ''Chimpansee'' by Voigt 1831. ''Troglodytes'' was not available, as it had been given as the name of a genus of wren (''Troglodytidae'') in 1809. The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature adopted ''Pan'' as the only official name of the genus in 1895.〔 The name is a reference to Pan, the Greek god of nature and wilderness.〔Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, Michael Grayson, ''The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals'', JHU Press, 2009.〕 The Bonobo, also known as the "pygmy chimpanzee", was given the species name of ''paniscus'' by Ernst Schwarz (1929), a diminutive of the theonym ''Pan''.〔Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'': "A little Pan, a rural deity"()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chimpanzee」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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