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chinampa
''Chinampa'' ( ) is a method of Mesoamerican agriculture which used small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of Mexico.
==Description==
Chinampas were created by the freshwater shoreline of the southern portion of the central lake system of Mexico by the Nahua peoples, commonly called the Aztecs.〔Robert C. West and Pedro Armillas, "Las chinampas de México" ''Cuadernos Mexicanos (1950) 40:165-82.〕〔S.L. Cline, ''Colonial Culhuacan, 1580-1600: A Social History of an Aztec Town''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986, pp. 2-3〕〔 Sometimes erroneously referred to as "floating gardens," chinampas are artificial islands that were created by building up extensions of soil into bodies of water. Evidence from Nahuatl wills from late sixteenth-century Pueblo Culhuacán were measured in ''matl'' (one matl=1.67 meters), often listed in groups of seven.〔Cline, ''Colonial Culhuacan'', pp. 134-35.〕〔H.R. Harvey and Barbara J. Williams, "Aztec Arithmetic: Positional Notation and Area Calculation," ''Science'' 1980, 210-499-505〕 One scholar has calculated the size of chinampas using Codex Vergara as a source, finding that they usually measured roughly .〔Jorge, M et al. (2011). ''Mathematical accuracy of Aztec land surveys assessed from records in the Codex Vergara. PNAS:'' University of Michigan.〕 In Tenochtitlan, the chinampas ranged from 〔 to 〔〔Tompkins, P. (1976). ''Mysteries of the Mexican pyramids. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited:'' Toronto. pp. 299 ISBN 0-06-014324-X〕 They were created by staking out the shallow lake bed and then fencing in the rectangle with wattle. The fenced-off area was then layered with mud, lake sediment, and decaying vegetation, eventually bringing it above the level of the lake. Often trees such as ''āhuexōtl'' (''Salix bonplandiana'') (a willow) and ''āhuēhuētl'' (''Taxodium mucronatum'')〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Taxodium mucronatum )〕 (a cypress) were planted at the corners to secure the chinampa. In some places, the long raised beds had ditches in between them, giving plants continuous access to water and making crops grown there independent of rainfall.〔Cline, ''Colonial Culhuacan'' p. 2.〕 Chinampas were separated by channels wide enough for a canoe to pass. These raised, well-watered beds had very high crop yields with up to 7 harvests a year. Chinampas were commonly used in pre-colonial Mexico and Central America. There is evidence that the Nahua settlement of Culhuacan, on the south side of the Ixtapalapa peninsula that divided Lake Texcoco from Lake Xochimilco, constructed the first chinampas in C.E. 1100.〔Richard Blanton, "Prehispanic Settlement Patterns of the Ixtapalapa Peninsula Region, Mexico." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan 1970.〕
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