|
Chivalry, or the chivalric code, is a code of conduct associated with the medieval institution of knighthood which developed between 1170 and 1220. The code of chivalry that developed in medieval Europe had its roots in earlier centuries. It arose from the idealisation of the early medieval synthesis of Germanic and Roman martial traditions —involving military bravery, individual training, and service to others—especially in Francia, among horse soldiers in Charlemagne's cavalry. The term ''chivalry'' derives from the Old French term ''chevalerie, ''which can be translated to "horse soldiery". Gautier states that knighthood emerged from the Teutonic forests and was nurtured into civilization and chivalry by the Catholic Church. Over time, its meaning has been refined to emphasise social and moral virtues more generally. And the Code of Chivalry, as it stood by the Late Middle Ages, was a moral system which combined a warrior ethos, knightly piety, and courtly manners, all conspiring to establish a notion of honour and nobility. ==Terminology and definitions== In origin, the term ''chivalry'' means "horsemanship", formed in Old French, in the 11th century, from ' (horseman, knight), from Medieval Latin ''ラテン語:caballārius''. The French word ' originally means "a man of aristocratic standing, and probably of noble ancestry, who is capable, if called upon, of equipping himself with a war horse and the arms of heavy cavalryman and who has been through certain rituals that make him what he is". In English, the term appears from 1292 (note that ''cavalry'' is from the Italian form of the same word). The meaning of the term evolved over time because the word ''chevalier'' was used differently in the Middle Ages, from the original concrete military meaning "status or fee associated with military follower owning a war horse" or "a group of mounted knights" to the ideal of the Christian warrior ethos propagated in the Romance genre, which was becoming popular during the 12th century, and the ideal of courtly love propagated in the contemporary Minnesang and related genres. Thus, chivalry has hierarchical meanings from simply a heavily armed horseman to a code of conduct. The ideas of chivalry originated in three medieval works: the anonymous poem ', that tells the story of how Hugh of Tiberias was captured and released upon his agreement to show Saladin (1138-1193) the ritual of Christian knighthood, the ''Libre del ordre de cavayleria'', written by Ramon Lull (1232-1315), whose subject is knighthood, and the Livre de Chevalerie of Geoffroi de Charny (1300-1356), which examines the qualities of knighthood, emphasizing ''prowess''. Based on the three treatises, initially chivalry was defined as a way of life in which three essential aspects fused together: the military, the nobility, the religion. The "code of chivalry" is thus a product of the Late Middle Ages, evolving after the end of the crusades partly from an idealisation of the historical knights fighting in the Holy Land, partly from ideals of courtly love. Léon Gautier, in his ''フランス語:La Chevalerie'', published for the first time in 1883, bemoaned the "invasion of Breton ''romans''" which replaced the pure military ethos of the crusades with Arthurian fiction and courtly adventures. Gautier tries to give a "popular summary" of what he proposes was the "ancient code of chivalry" of the 11th and 12th centuries derived from the military ethos of the crusades which would evolve into the late medieval notion of chivalry. Gautier's Ten Commandments of chivalry are: # Thou shalt believe all that the Church teaches and thou shalt observe all its directions (Believe the Church's teachings and observe all the Church's directions). # Thou shalt defend the Church (Defend the Church). # Thou shalt respect all weaknesses, and shalt constitute thyself the defender of them (Respect and defend all weaknesses). # Thou shalt love the country in which thou wast born (Love your country). # Thou shalt not recoil before thine enemy. # Thou shalt make war against the infidel without cessation and without mercy (Show no mercy to the infidel. Do not hesitate to make war with them). # Thou shalt perform scrupulously thy feudal duties, if they be not contrary to the laws of God (Perform all your feudal duties as long as they do not conflict with the laws of God). # Thou shalt never lie, and shalt remain faithful to thy pledged word (Never lie or go back on one's word). # Thou shalt be generous, and give largesse to everyone (Be generous to everyone). # Thou shalt be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice and Evil (Always and everywhere be right and good against evil and injustice). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chivalry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|