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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/chloramphenicol.html )〕 This includes meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever. Its use is only recommended when safer antibiotics cannot be used. Monitoring both blood levels of the medication and blood cell levels every two days is recommended during treatment.〔 It is available intravenously, by mouth, and as an eye ointment.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=chloramphenicol (Oral route, Intravenous route, Injection route) )〕 Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, nausea, and diarrhea. The bone marrow suppression may result in death. To reduce the risk of side effects treatment duration should be as short as possible. In those with liver or kidney problems dosing may require decreasing. In young children a condition known as gray baby syndrome may occur which results in a swollen stomach and low blood pressure.〔 Its use near the end of pregnancy and during breastfeeding is typically not recommended.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/chloramphenicol.html )〕 Chloramphenicol is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that typically stops bacterial growth by stopping the making of protein.〔 Chloramphenical was discovered in 1947. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. It is available as a generic medication.〔 The wholesale cost of an intravenous dose is about 0.40 to 1.90 USD.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=CAP1A&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=1%20g&desc=Chloramphenicol&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=06%2E2%2E2%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E2%2E2%2E%29Other%20antibacterials%3Cbr%3E )〕 In the United States it is very expensive. Global issues relating to bacterial resistance have revived interest in its use. == Medical uses == The original indication of chloramphenicol was in the treatment of typhoid, but the now almost universal presence of multiple drug-resistant ''Salmonella typhi'' has meant it is seldom used for this indication except when the organism is known to be sensitive. Chloramphenicol may be used as a second-line agent in the treatment of tetracycline-resistant cholera. Because of its excellent blood-brain barrier penetration (far superior to any of the cephalosporins), chloramphenicol remains the first-choice treatment for staphylococcal brain abscesses. It is also useful in the treatment of brain abscesses due to mixed organisms or when the causative organism is not known. Chloramphenicol is active against the three main bacterial causes of meningitis: ''Neisseria meningitidis'', ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', and ''Haemophilus influenzae''. In the West, chloramphenicol remains the drug of choice in the treatment of meningitis in patients with severe penicillin or cephalosporin allergy and general practitioners are recommended to carry intravenous chloramphenicol in their bag. In low-income countries, the WHO recommend oily chloramphenicol as first-line to treat meningitis. Chloramphenicol has been used in the U.S. in the initial empirical treatment of children with fever and a petechial rash, when the differential diagnosis includes both ''Neisseria meningitidis'' septicaemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, pending the results of diagnostic investigations. Chloramphenicol is also effective against ''Enterococcus faecium'', which has led to its being considered for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. Although unpublished, recent research suggests chloramphenicol could also be applied to frogs to prevent their widespread destruction from fungal infections. It has recently been discovered to be a life-saving cure for chytridiomycosis in amphibians. Chytridiomycosis is a fungal disease, blamed for the extinction of one-third of the 120 frog species lost since 1980. The drug should be discontinued upon appearance of reticulocytopenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, or any other abnormal blood study findings attributable to chloramphenicol.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=08c16a42-1ad4-400f-b1b0-75303eb86713 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chloramphenicol」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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