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Choice involves mentally making a decision: judging the merits of multiple options and selecting one or more of them. One can make a choice between imagined options ("what would I do if ...?") or between real options followed by the corresponding action. For example, a traveller might choose a route for a journey based on the preference of arriving at a given destination as soon as possible. The preferred (and therefore chosen) route can then follow from information such as the length of each of the possible routes, traffic conditions, etc. If the arrival at a choice includes more complex motivators, cognition, instinct and feeling can become more intertwined. Simple choices might include what to eat for dinner or what to wear on a Saturday morning - choices that have relatively low-impact on the chooser's life overall. More complex choices might involve (for example) what candidate to vote for in an election, what profession to pursue, a life partner, etc. - choices based on multiple influences and having larger ramifications. Most people regard having choices as a good thing, though a severely limited or artificially restricted choice can lead to discomfort with choosing, and possibly an unsatisfactory outcome. In contrast, a choice with excessively numerous options may lead to confusion, regret of the alternatives not taken, and indifference in an unstructured existence;〔 Barry Schwartz: ''The Paradox of Choice'' (2004) 〕 and the illusion that choosing an object or a course leads necessarily to control of that object or course can cause psychological problems. ==Types== There are four main types of decisions, although they can be expressed in different ways. Brian Tracy breaks them down into:〔''Time Power'', Brian Tracy, 2007, pg. 153 ISBN 0-8144-7470-5〕 # Command decisions, which can only be made by you, as the "Commander in Chief"; or owner of a company. # Delegated decisions, which may be made by anyone, such as the color of the bike shed, and should be delegated, as the decision must be made but the choice is inconsequential. # Avoided decisions, where the outcome could be so severe that the choice should not be made, as the consequences can not be recovered from if the wrong choice is made. This will most likely result in negative actions, such as death. # "No-brainer" decisions, where the choice is so obvious that only one choice can reasonably be made. # A fifth type, however, or fourth if three and four are combined as one type, is the collaborative decision, which should be made in consultation with, and by agreement of others. Collaborative Decision Making revolutionized air-traffic safety by not deferring to the captain when a lesser crew member becomes aware of a problem.〔(Collaborative Decision Making )〕 Another way of looking at decisions focuses on the thought mechanism used, is the decision:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Types of decision making - an overview )〕 * Rational * Intuitive * Recognition based * Combination Recognizing that "type" is an imprecise term, an alternate way to classify types of choices is to look at outcomes and the impacted entity. For example, using this approach three types of choices would be:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Types of Decision Making )〕 * Business * Personal * Consumer In this approach, establishing the types of choices makes it possible to identify the related decisions that will influence and constrain a specific choice as well as be influenced and constrained by another choice. There are many "executive decision maker" products available, such as the decision wheels〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A variety of decision wheels! )〕 and the Magic 8-Ball, which randomly produce yes/no or other "decisions" for someone who can not make up their mind or just wants to delegate. A Ouija board is also a delegated decision. As a moral principle, decisions should be made by those most affected by the decision, but this is not normally applied to persons in jail, who might likely make a decision other than to remain in jail.〔''Ethical leadership in schools'', Kenneth A. Strike, 2006, pg. 5 ISBN 1-4129-1351-9〕 Robert Gates cited this principle in allowing photographs of returning war dead.〔(Pentagon ends photo ban on war dead return )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「choice」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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