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Cholo ((:ˈtʃolo)) is a loosely defined term that has had various meanings relating to the connotation of people of indigenous heritage, who in many cases have some Spanish blood (mestizos), or who have adopted elements of Spanish dress, language or culture.〔 Its use has migrated from the initial negative ethnic designation as originated by Hispanic criollos in the 16th century. In sociological literature, it is one of castas, and refers to individuals of mixed or pure Native American ancestry, or other racially mixed origin (75% Indigenous and 25% European). The precise usage of "cholo" has varied widely in different times and places. In modern American usage, it most often applies to the low-rider sub-culture manner of dress. ==Historical usage== The term's use is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the ''Comentarios Reales de los Incas'' by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. He writes (in Spanish) "The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call ''mulato'' and ''mulata''. The children of these they call ''cholo.'' Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands; it means ''dog,'' not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation". In Colonial Mexico, the terms ''cholo'' and ''coyote'' co-existed, indicating mixed Mestizo and Amerindian ancestry. Under the ''casta'' system of colonial Latin America, ''cholo'' originally applied to the children resulting from the union of a Mestizo and an Amerindian; that is, someone of three quarters Amerindian and one quarter Spanish ancestry. Other terms (mestizo, castizo, etc.) were used to denote other ratios of smaller or greater Spanish-to-Amerindian ancestry. ''Cholo'' as an English-language term dates at least to 1851 when it was used by Herman Melville in his novel ''Moby-Dick'', referring to a Spanish speaking sailor, possibly derived from the Windward Islands reference mentioned above. Isela Alexsandra Garcia of the University of California at Berkeley writes that the term can be traced to Mexico, where in the early part of the last century it referred to "culturally marginal" mestizos and Native American origin. During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) Peruvians were contemptuously referred to as "cholos" by Chilean officers. An article in the ''Los Angeles Express'' of April 2, 1907, headlined "Cleaning Up the Filthy Cholo Courts Has Begun in Earnest", uses the terms ''cholos'' and ''Mexicans'' interchangeably.〔Author unknown. ("Cleaning Up the Filthy Cholo Courts Has Begun in Earnest" ), ''Los Angeles Express'', April 2, 1907.〕 The term ''cholo courts'' was defined in ''The Journal of San Diego History'' as "sometimes little more than instant slums as shanties were strewn almost randomly around city lots in order to create cheap horizontal tenements."〔Curtis, James R. and Ford, Larry. "(Bungalow Courts in San Diego: Monitoring a Sense of Place )". ''The Journal of San Diego History''. Spring 1988, Volume 34,〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cholo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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