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A chronograph is a specific type of watch that is used as a stopwatch combined with a display watch. A basic chronograph has an independent sweep second hand; it can be started, stopped, and returned to zero by successive pressure on the stem. Less simple chronographs use additional complications and can have multiple independent hands to measure seconds, minutes, hours and even tenths of a second. In addition, many modern chronographs use moveable bezels as tachymeters for rapid calculations of speed or distance. Louis Moinet invented the chronograph in 1816 for use in tracking astronomical objects.〔(of the chronograph )〕〔().〕 Chronographs were also used heavily in artillery fire in the mid to late 1800s. More modern uses of chronographs involve piloting airplanes, car racing, diving and submarine maneuvering. ==History== The term, Chronograph comes from the Greek word for time, "chronos", combined with the Greek word for writing, "graph". Early versions of the chronograph are the only ones that actually used any "writing": marking the dial with a small pen attached to the index so that the length of the pen mark would indicate how much time has elapsed.〔〔 Hood, Peter. How Time Is Measured. London: Oxford U.P., 1969. Print.〕〔 Cowan, Harrison J. Time and Its Measurement; from the Stone Age to the Nuclear Age. Cleveland: World Pub., 1958. Print.〕〔 (Chronographs ) Spencer Emergency Solutions. Accessed 25 March 2012 〕 The first modern chronograph was invented by Louis Moinet in 1816,〔()〕 solely for working with astronomical equipment. It was Nicolas Mathieu Rieussec who developed the first marketed chronograph at the behest of King Louis XVIII in 1821. The King greatly enjoyed watching horse races, but wanted to know exactly how long each race lasted, so Rieussec was commissioned to invent a contraption that would do the job: as a result he developed the first ever commercialized chronograph.〔 Doggett, Rachel, Susan Jaskot, Robert Rand, Silvio A. Bedini, and Ricardo J. Quinones. Time: the Greatest Innovator: Timekeeping and Time Consciousness in Early Modern Europe. Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library, 1986.〕 In 1844 Adolphe Nicole's updated version of the chronograph was the first to include a re-setting feature which now allowed successive measurements, unlike the constantly moving needle in the original chronograph.〔〔De, Carle Donald. Watch and Clock Encyclopedia. Ipswich England: N.A.G., 1983. Print.〕 In the early part of the 20th Century many chronographs were sold with fixed bezels marked in order to function as a tachymeter. In 1958 the watch company Heuer introduced a model with a rotating bezel tachymeter for more complex calculations.〔http://www.onthedash.com/thoughts/heuers-innovation-the-rotating-tachymeter-bezel-for-race-timing/〕〔http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-tachymeter.htm〕 Chronographs were very popular with aviators as they allowed them to make rapid calculations and conduct precise timing. The demand for chronographs grew along with the aviation industry in the early part of the 20th century. As the US exploration of outer space initially involved only test pilots, by order of President Eisenhower, chronographs were on the wrists of many early astronauts. Chronograph usage followed a similar trajectory for many fields that involve very precise and/or repeated timing around increasingly more complicated high performance machinery, automobile racing and naval submarine navigation being two examples. As different uses for the chronograph were discovered, the industry responded with different models introducing such features as the 'flyback' (where the second hand could be rapidly reset to zero), minute and hour timers, Rattrapante (or multiple second hands one of which can be stopped and started independently) and waterproof models for divers and swimmers. Although self winding watches and clockwork have been around since the late 1700s, the automatic (self winding) chronograph was not invented until 1969 when the watch companies Heuer, Breitling, and Hamilton, and movement specialist Dubois Depraz, developed it in partnership. They developed this technology secretly in an effort to prevent other companies from beating them to the patent. It was in Geneva and in New York that this partnership shared the first automatic chronograph with the world on March 3, 1969. These first automatic chronographs were labeled "Chrono-matic".〔 "Chronometer". Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2011) 〕〔 Stein, Jeffrey M. (2008), Project 99 – The Race to Develop the First Automatic Chronograph 〕 Many companies sell their own styles of chronographs. While today most chronographs are in the form of wrist watches, in the early 20th century pocket chronographs were very popular.〔 (So what is a Chronograph and why is a Chronometer? ) chronograph.org.uk Accessed 25 MAR 2012. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「chronograph」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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