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chthonic
Chthonic (, from Greek χθόνιος ''khthonios'' (:kʰtʰónios), "in, under, or beneath the earth", from χθών ''khthōn'' "earth")〔(Chthonios ), Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek–English Lexicon'', at Perseus.〕 literally means "subterranean". The translation of meaning discusses deities or spirits of the underworld, especially in Greek religion. The Greek word ''khthon'' is one of several for "earth"; it typically refers to the interior of the soil, rather than the living surface of the land (as ''Gaia'' or ''Ge'' does), or the land as territory (as ''khora'' (χώρα) does). It evokes, simultaneously, abundance and the grave.
==Chthonic and Olympian==
While terms such as "Earth deity" or Earth mother have sweeping implications in English, the words ''khthonie'' and ''khthonios'' had a more precise and technical meaning in Greek, referring primarily to the manner of offering sacrifices to the deity in question.
Some chthonic cults practised ritual sacrifice, which often happened at night time. When the sacrifice was a living creature, the animal was placed in a ''bothros'' (βόθρος, "pit") or ''megaron'' (μέγαρον, "sunken chamber"). In some Greek chthonic cults, the animal was sacrificed on a raised ''bomos'' (βωμός, "altar"). Offerings usually were burned whole or buried rather than being cooked and shared among the worshippers.〔"The sacrifice for gods of the dead and for heroes was called ''enagisma'', in contradistinction to ''thysia'', which was the portion especially of the celestial deities. It was offered on altars of a peculiar shape: they were lower than the ordinary altar ''bomos'', and their name was ''ischara'', 'hearth'. Through them the blood of the victims, and also libations, were to flow into the sacrificial trench. Therefore they were funnel-shaped and open at the bottom. For this kind of sacrifice did not lead up to a joyous feast in which the gods and men took part. The victim was held over the trench with its head down, not, as for the celestial gods, with its neck bent back and the head uplifted; and it was burned entirely." (Source ''The Heroes of the Greeks'', C. Kerenyi pub. Thames & Hudson 1978).〕
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