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Ciclosporin (INN/BAN) (pronounced ); cyclosporine (USAN); cyclosporin (former BAN); or ciclosporin A,〔http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1863293/〕 cyclosporine A, or cyclosporin A (often shortened to CsA) is an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ transplantation to prevent rejection. It reduces the activity of the immune system by interfering with the activity and growth of T cells. It was initially isolated from the fungus ''Tolypocladium inflatum'' (''Beauveria nivea''), found in a soil sample obtained in 1969 from Hardangervidda, Norway, by Hans Peter Frey, a Sandoz biologist. Most peptides are synthesized by ribosomes, but ciclosporin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide of 11 amino acids and contains a single D-amino acid, which is rarely encountered in nature.〔 Some sources list the fungus under an alternative species name Hypocladium inflatum gams such as Pritchard and Sneader in 2005: * * However, the name, "Beauveria nivea", also appears in several other articles including in a 2001 online publication by Harriet Upton entitled "(Origin of drugs in current use: the cyclosporin story )" (retrieved June 19, 2005). Mark Plotkin states in his book ''Medicine Quest'', Penguin Books 2001, pages 46-47, that in 1996 mycology researcher Kathie Hodge (found ) that it is in fact a species of ''Cordyceps''.〕 ==Medical uses== Ciclosporin is approved by the FDA to prevent and treat graft-versus-host disease in bone-marrow transplantation and to prevent rejection of kidney, heart, and liver transplants.〔(SandImmune Label )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DailyMed - NEORAL- cyclosporine capsule, liquid filled NEORAL- cyclosporine solution )〕 It is also approved in the US for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis,〔 as an ophthalmic emulsion for the treatment of dry eyes〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DailyMed - RESTASIS - cyclosporine emulsion )〕 and as a treatment for persistent nummular keratitis following adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lokales Cyclosporin A bei Nummuli nach Keratoconjunctivitis epidemica Eine Pilotstudie - Springer )〕 In addition to these indications, ciclosporin is also used in severe atopic dermatitis, Kimura disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic autoimmune urticaria, acute systemic mastocytosis, and, infrequently, in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, although it is only used in severe cases. Ciclosporin has also been used to help treat patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis and autoimmune urticaria that do not respond to treatment with steroids. This drug is also used as a treatment of posterior or intermediate uveitis with noninfective etiology. It is sometimes prescribed in veterinary cases, particularly in extreme cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ciclosporin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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