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cinematograph
A cinematograph is a motion picture film camera, which also serves as a film projector and printer. It was invented in the 1890s.〔Note that this was not the first 'moving picture' device. Louis Le Prince had built early devices in 1886. His 1888 film ''Roundhay Garden's Scene'' still survives.〕
==History==
The device was first invented and patented as the "Cinématographe Léon Bouly" by French inventor Léon Bouly on February 12, 1892. Bouly coined the term “cinematograph”, from the Greek for “writing in movement”.〔Abel, Richard. Encyclopedia of Early Cinema. 1st ed. London: Routledge, 2004.〕 Due to a lack of money, Bouly was unable to develop his ideas properly and maintain his patent fees, so he sold his rights to the device and its name to the Lumière Brothers.〔Cinéma des premiers temps: nouvelles contributions françaises par Michel Marié, Thierry Lefebvre, in collection Théorème (1996)〕 In 1895, they applied the name to a device that was largely their own creation.
They made their first film, ''Sortie de l'usine Lumière de Lyon'', that same year. The film was publicly screened at L'Eden, the world's first and oldest ''cinéma'', located in La Ciotat in southeastern France, on September 28, 1895. The first commercial, public screening of cinematographic films happened in Paris on 28 December 1895 and was organised by the Lumière brothers.〔Louis Lumière, ''The Lumière Cinematograph''. In:〕 The cinematograph was also exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1900. At the Exposition, films made by the Lumière Brothers were projected onto a large screen measuring 16 by 21 meters (approximately 52.5 x 69 feet).〔Cinematograph, Louis Lumière. “1936 the Lumière Cinematograph.” SMPTE Journal 105, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 608–611.〕
Several versions of cinématographes were developed, including ones by the inventor Robert Royou Beard (1856-1932),〔(Who's Who of Victorian Cinema: Biography of Beard )〕 the electrical engineer Cecil Wray (1866-1944),〔(Who's Who of Victorian Cinema: Biography of Wray )〕 the optician Alfred Wrench (?-?),〔(Who's Who of Victorian Cinema: Biography of Wrench )〕 Georges Demenÿ and, of course, the Lumière brothers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=British Film Institute )〕
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