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Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html )〕 This includes bone and joint infections, intra abdominal infections, certain type of infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever, and urinary tract infections, among others.〔 For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics.〔 It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously.〔 Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and rash.〔 Ciprofloxacin increases the risk of tendon rupture and worsening muscle weakness in people with the neurological disorder myasthenia gravis.〔 Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy.〔 No problems were identified; however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw )〕 It appears to be safe during breastfeeding.〔 It is a second-generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity. Ciprofloxacin was introduced in 1987. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. It is available as a generic medication and not very expensive.〔 Wholesale it costs between 0.03 and 0.13 USD a dose.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=CIP500T&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=500%20mg&desc=Ciprofloxacin&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E2%2E2%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E2%2E2%2E%29Other%20antibacterials%3Cbr%3E )〕 In the United States it is sold for about 0.40 USD per dose.〔 ==Medical uses== Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis externa, respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax, and chancroid.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ciprofloxacin-hydrochloride.html )〕 Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold. For certain uses including acute sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea, ciprofloxacin is not considered a first-line agent. Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram-negative bacteria, including ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''. For example, ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole is one of several first-line antibiotic regimens recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of community-acquired abdominal infections in adults. It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital-acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis, certain types of endocarditis, certain skin infections, and prosthetic joint infections. In other cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases that older, narrower-spectrum drugs be used as first-line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone-resistance development. For example, the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower-spectrum drugs such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The European Association of Urology recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for “adverse events have to be considered”.〔 Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections, ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''. "Respiratory quinolones" such as levofloxacin, having greater activity against this pathogen, are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with important co-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization (Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007). Similarly, ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first-line treatment for acute sinusitis. Ciprofloxacin is approved for the treatment of gonorrhea in many countries, but this recommendation is widely regarded as obsolete due to resistance development.〔(World Health Organization (WHO) Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Programme (GASP) Report- 2000. Commun Dis Intell 2001; 25:274-277)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ciprofloxacin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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