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civilian
A civilian under the laws of war (also known as international humanitarian law) is a person who is not of his or her country's military and who is not a combatant. In general, the term is also used to refer to persons who are not law enforcement officers, firefighters, or criminals. However, under the laws of war, the term includes law enforcement officers and firefighters in the civilian category because their occupations does not include combat training.
The term "civilian" is slightly different from a non-combatant in times of war, because some non-combatants are not civilians (for example, military chaplains attached to the belligerent armed forces or neutral military personnel). Under international law, civilians in the territories of a Party to an armed conflict are entitled to certain privileges under the customary laws of war and international treaties such as the Fourth Geneva Convention. The privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one (a civil war) or an international one.
==Etymology==
The word "civilian" goes back to the late 14th century and is from Old French ''civilien'', "of the civil law". Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to non-combatants as early as 1829. The term "non-combatant" now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities, rather than just civilians.〔http://dictionary.reference.com/etymology/civilian〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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