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clientelism
Clientelism is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo.〔Stokes, Susan C., Thad Dunning, Marcelo Nazareno, and Valeria Brusco. 2013. ''(Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics )''. Cambridge University Press.〕 It is a political system at the heart of which is an asymmetric relationship between groups of political actors described as ''patrons'' and ''clients'' and political parties. Richard Graham has defined clientelism as a set of actions based on the principle ''take there, give here'', with the practice allowing both clients and patrons to gain advantage from the other's support. Moreover, clientelism is typified by "exchange systems where voters trade political support for various outputs of the public decision-making process."〔Davidson, R., & Schejter, A. (2011). ‘‘Their Deeds are the Deeds of Zimri; but They Expect a Reward Like Phineas’’: Neoliberal and Multicultural Discourses in the Development of Israeli DTT Policy, ''Communication, Culture & Critique'', 4, 1-22.〕〔Roniger, Luis (2004) Political Clientelism, Democracy and Market Economy, ''Comparative Politics'', Vol. 36 no. 3, April, 353-375〕〔Graham, Richard (1997) Clientelismo na cultura política brasileira. Toma lá dá cá, Braudel Center Papers No. 15〕〔Tornquist, Olle (1999) Politics and Development: A Critical Introduction, SAGE〕
==Origins==
The origin of the practice has been traced to ancient Rome. Here relationships between the patron ''(patronus)'' and client ''(cliens)'' were seen as crucial to understanding the political process. While the obligations between these were mutual, the key point is they were hierarchical. These relationships might be best viewed not as an entity but rather as a network ''(clientela)'', with the ''patronus'' himself perhaps being obligated to someone of greater power, and the ''cliens'' perhaps having more than one patron. These extensions increase the possibilities of conflicting interests arising. While the ''familia'' was the basic unit underlying Roman society, the interlocking networks ''(clientela)'' acted as restrictions on their autonomy but allowed a more complex society to develop. Historians of the late medieval period evolved the concept into bastard feudalism. There is, as is usual, ambiguity in the use of political terminology and the terms "clientelism," the "patron-client relationship," "patronage" and the political machine are sometimes used to described similar or related concepts.〔〔〔Clapham, Christopher (1985) ''Third World Politics'', Croom Helm〕〔Gruen, Erich S. (1986) "''Patrocinium'' and ''clientela''," in ''The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome'', University of California Press, Vol. 1, pp. 162–163.〕
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