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Collaboration is working with others to do a task and to achieve shared goals. It is a recursive〔Marinez-Moyano, I. J. ''Exploring the Dynamics of Collaboration in Interorganizational Settings'', Ch. 4, p. 83, in Schuman (Editor). (''Creating a Culture of Collaboration''. ) Jossey-bass, 2006. ISBN 0-7879-8116-8.〕 process where two or more people or organizations work together to realize shared goals, (this is more than the intersection of common goals seen in co-operative ventures, but a deep, collective determination to reach an identical objective) — for example, an endeavor〔(Collaborate, ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary'', 2007 )〕〔(Collaboration, ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', 2007 )〕 that is creative in nature〔Collaboration, ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Second Edition, (1989). (Eds.) J. A. Simpson & E. S. C. Weiner. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕—by sharing knowledge, learning and building consensus. Most collaboration requires leadership, although the form of leadership can be social within a decentralized and egalitarian group.〔Spence, Muneera U. ''"Graphic Design: Collaborative Processes = Understanding Self and Others."'' (lecture) Art 325: Collaborative Processes. Fairbanks Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. 13 April 2006. (See also ).〕 In particular, teams that work collaboratively can obtain greater resources, recognition and reward when facing competition for finite resources.〔 Collaboration is also present in opposing goals exhibiting the notion of adversarial collaboration, though this is not a common case for using the word. Structured methods of collaboration encourage introspection of behavior and communication.〔 These methods ''specifically'' aim to increase the success of teams as they engage in collaborative problem solving. Forms, rubrics, charts and graphs are useful in these situations to objectively document personal traits with the goal of improving performance in current and future projects. Since the Second World War the term "Collaboration" acquired a very negative meaning as referring to persons and groups which help a foreign occupier of their country—due to actual use by people in European countries who worked with and for the Nazi German occupiers. Linguistically, "collaboration" implies more or less equal partners who work together—which is obviously not the case when one party is an army of occupation and the other are people of the occupied country living under the power of this army. In order to make a distinction, the more specific term Collaborationism is often used for this phenomenon of collaboration with an occupying army. However, there is no water-tight distinction; "Collaboration" and "Collaborator", as well as "Collaborationism" and "Collaborationist", are often used in this pejorative sense—and even more so, the equivalent terms in French and other languages spoken in countries which experienced direct Nazi occupation. ==Classical examples of collaboration== Following are some examples of successful collaboration efforts in the past. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「collaboration」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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