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collodion
Collodion is a flammable, syrupy solution of pyroxylin (a.k.a. "nitrocellulose", "cellulose nitrate", "flash paper", and "gun cotton") in ether and alcohol. There are two basic types: flexible; non-flexible. The flexible type is often used as a surgical dressing or to hold dressings in place. When painted on the skin, collodion dries to form a flexible nitrocellulose film. While it is initially colorless, it discolors over time. Non-flexible collodion is often used in theatrical make-up.
==History==
In 1846 Louis-Nicolas Ménard and Florès Domonte discovered that cellulose nitrate could be dissolved in ether.〔Initially, the French referred to cellulose nitrate as ''xyloïdine'' and ''pyroxyline'':
* Pelouze announced to the French Academy of Sciences that Ménard and Domonte had discovered that cellulose nitrate could be dissolved in ether in: Pelouze (9 November 1846) ("Observations sur la xyloïdine," ) ''Comptes rendus'' … , 23 : 861-862.
* Ménard and Florès Domonte (1846) ("Sur la pyroxyline" ) (On pyroxyline), ''Comptes rendus'' … , 23 : 1187-1188.〕 They devised a mixture of ether (ethoxyethane) as the solvent and ethanol as a diluent that rendered cellulose nitrate into a clear gelatinous liquid. Collodion was first used medically as a dressing in 1847 by the Boston physician John Parker Maynard.〔John Parker Maynard (1848) ("Discovery and application of the new liquid adhesive plaster," ) ''The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal'', 38 : 178-183.〕〔This claim was contested by the Swiss chemist Christian Friedrich Schönbein, one of several investigators who had independently discovered nitrocellulose. See: C. F. Schoenbein (1849) ("On ether glue or liquor constringens; and its uses in surgery," ) ''The Lancet'', 1 : 289-290.〕 The solution was dubbed "collodion" (from the Greek κολλώδης (''kollodis''), gluey) by Dr. A.A. Gould of Boston, Massachusetts.〔John P. Maynard (1867) ("Collodion," ) ''The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal'', 75 : 36-39; see footnote on page 36.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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