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columnaris
Columnaris (also referred to as cottonmouth) is a symptom of disease in fish which results from an infection caused by the Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium ''Flavobacterium columnare''. It was previously known as ''Bacillus columnaris, Chondrococcus columnaris, Cytophaga columnaris'' and ''Flexibacter columnaris''. The bacteria are ubiquitous in fresh water, and cultured fish reared in ponds or raceways are the primary concern – with disease most prevalent in air temperatures above 12–14°C. It is often mistaken for a fungal infection. The disease is highly contagious and the outcome is often fatal. It is not zoonotic.
==Causes==
The bacteria usually enter fish through gills, mouth, or small wounds, and is prevalent where high bioloads exist, or where conditions may be stressful due to overcrowding or low dissolved oxygen levels in the water column. The bacteria can persist in water for up to 32 days when the hardness is 50 ppm or more.〔Aukes, G. (''Fish disease articles: Columnaris disease'' ). Retrieved 25 July 2007.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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