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commode
A commode, commode with legs, or commode on legs is any of several pieces of furniture. The word ''commode'' comes from the French word for "convenient" or "suitable", which in turn comes from the Latin adjective ''commodus'', with similar meanings.
== History and types ==
Originally, in French furniture, a ''commode'' introduced about 1700 meant a low cabinet, or chest of drawers at the height of the dado rail (''à hauteur d'appui''). A commode, made by an ''ébéniste'' (cabinet-maker) and applied with gilt-bronze mounts, was a piece of veneered case furniture much wider than it was high, raised on high or low legs〔A commode with a divided drawer above two deep ones was a ''commode en tombeau''— a "monumental commode"— or, in retrospect, a ''commode à la Régence''.〕 and with (''commode à vantaux'') or without enclosing drawers. The piece of furniture would be provided with a marble slab top〔The slab might be veneered with a fine or rare marble, such as a breccia; its edges might be moulded.〕 selected to match the marble of the chimneypiece. A commode occupied a prominent position in the room for which it was intended: it stood against the pier between the windows,〔Such a piece, when made particularly shallow, not to impede passage along the ''enfilade'' that connected rooms might be called a ''demi-commode'' (Francis J. B. Watson, ''Louis XVI Furniture'' 1973, fig.fig. 27).〕 in which case it would often be surmounted by a mirror glass,〔"In a room with three windows, for instance, one could place between them a ''commode'' with drawers and one with drawers, while still preserving an essential symmetry." (Pierre Verlet, ''French Furniture and Interior Decoration of the 18th Century'', 1967) p. 154)〕 or a pair of identical commodes would flank the chimneypiece or occupy the center of each end wall. ''Bombé'' commodes, with surfaces shaped in three dimensions were a feature of the rococo style called "Louis Quinze". Rectilinear neoclassical, or "Louis Seize" commodes might have such deep drawers or doors that the feet were ''en toupie''—in the tapering turned shape of a child's spinning top. Both rococo and neoclassical commodes might have cabinets flanking the main section, in which case such a piece was a ''commode à encoignures'';〔Francis J. B. Watson, ''Louis XVI Furniture'' 1973, illustrates as ''commodes à encoignures'' the commode by Gilles Joubert and Roger Vandercruse La Croix, 1769 for Mme Victoire at Compiègne (fig. 23 (Frick Collection, New York); the commode by Joubert for Mme Adelaide at Versailles, 1769 (fig. 24, Getty Museum, Los Angeles); the unusually rich and monumental commode by Jean-Henri Riesener for the king's bedroom at Versailles, 1775 (fig. 32, Musée Condé, Chantilly).〕 pairs of ''encoignures'' or corner-cabinets might also be designed to complement a commode and stand in the flanking corners of a room. If a commode had open shelves flanking the main section it was a ''commode à l'anglaise''
Before the mid-eighteenth century the commode had become such a necessary commodity that it might be made in ''menuiserie'', of solid painted oak, or walnut or fruitwoods, with carved decoration, typical of French provincial furniture.
In the English-speaking world, ''commode'' passed into London cabinet-makers' parlance by the mid-eighteenth century, to describe chests of drawers with gracefully curved fronts, and sometimes with shaped sides as well, perceived as being in the "French" taste. Thomas Chippendale employed the term "French Commode Tables" to describe designs in ''The Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer's Director'' (1753), and Ince and Mayhew illustrated a "Commode Chest of drawers", plate xliii, in their ''Universal System of Household Furniture'', 1759–62. John Gloag notes〔Gloag, ''A Short Dictionary of Furniture'' , rev. ed. 1969, ''s.v.'' "Commode, "Commode Front".〕 that ''Commode'' expanded to describe any piece of furniture with a serpentine front, such as a dressing table, or even a chair seat.〔Richard Magrath, a cabinet-maker and upholsterer in Charleston, South Carolina, advertised for sale in 1771 ""Half a Dozen Caned Chairs, a Couch to match them, with commode fronts, and Pincushion seats." (Noted in Gloag, ''op. cit'', ''s.v.'' "Commode Front").〕 Gloag points out that Thomas Shearer's designs for two "commode dressing chests" illustrated in ''The Cabinet-Makers' London Book of Prices'', 1788, plate 17, are repeated, but as "serpentine dressing chests", in ''The Prices of Cabinet Work'', 1797 edition.
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