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Commodification is the transformation of goods and services, as well as ideas or other entities that normally may not be considered goods,〔This includes money itself, human beings, and the natural environment, which are not goods or services, let alone commodities. See Karl Polanyi, "The Self-Regulating Market", page 40 in Economics as a Social Science, 2nd edn, 2004.〕 into a commodity (in the Marxist sense of the word). The Marxist understanding of commodity is distinct from the meaning of commodity in mainstream business theory. One way to summarize the difference is that commoditization is about proprietary things becoming generic, whereas commodification is about unsalable things becoming salable. Commodity played a key role throughout Marx's work, he considered it a cell-form of capitalism and a key starting point for an analysis of this politico-economic system. The earliest use of the word "commodification" in English attested in the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dates from 1975.〔commodification, n. Second edition, 1989; online version November 2010. Use of the concept of commodification became common with the rise of critical discourse analysis in semiotics. ==Marxist theory== Human beings can be considered subject to commodification in contexts such as genetic engineering, social engineering, cloning, eugenics, social Darwinism, Fascism, mass marketing and employment. An extreme case of commodification is slavery, where human beings themselves become a commodity to be sold and bought. Similarly, the use of non-human animals for food, clothing, entertainment, or testing represents the commodification of other living beings. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「commodification」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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