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''Communitas'' is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal, or to the very spirit of community. It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences. Victor Turner, who defined the anthropological usage of communitas, was interested in the interplay between what he called social 'structure' and 'antistructure'; ''Liminality'' and ''Communitas'' are both components of antistructure.〔Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Cornell University Press. pp. 273-4.〕 Communitas refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. Communitas is characteristic of people experiencing liminality together. This term is used to distinguish the modality of social relationship from an area of common living. There is more than one distinction between structure and communitas. The most familiar is the difference of secular and sacred. Every social position has something sacred about it. This sacred component is acquired during rites of passages, through the changing of positions. Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases, this allows people to reach a higher position. ==Victor and Edith Turner== Communitas is an acute point of community. It takes community to the next level and allows the whole of the community to share a common experience, usually through a rite of passage. This brings everyone onto an equal level: even if you are higher in position, you have been lower and you know what that is. Turner (1969, Pg.132; see also 〔Olaveson, T. (2001). Collective Effervescence and Communitas: Processual Models of Ritual and Society in Emile Durkheim and Victor Turner. Dialectical Anthropology, 26, pp. 105.〕) distinguishes between: * ''existential or spontaneous communitas'', the transient personal experience of togetherness; e.g. that which occurs during a counter-culture happening. * ''normative communitas'', which occurs as communitas is transformed from its existential state to being organized into a permanent social system due to the need for social control. * ''ideological communitas'', which can be applied to many utopian social models. Communitas as a concept used by Victor Turner in his study of ritual has been criticized by anthropologists. See John Eade & Michael J. Sallnow's ''Contesting the Sacred'' (1991) Edith Turner, Victor's widow and anthropologist in her own right, published in 2011〔Turner, Edith. 2012. ''Communitas: The Anthropology of Collective Joy''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.〕 a definitive overview of the anthropology of communitas, outlining the concept in relation a natural history of joy, including the nature of human experience and its narration, festivals, music and sports, work, disaster, the sacred, revolution and nonviolence, nature and spirit, and ritual and rites of passage. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「communitas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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