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complementizer
In linguistics (especially generative grammar), complementizer or complementiser is a lexical category (part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence. For example, the word ''that'' may be called a complementizer in English sentences like ''Mary believes that it is raining''. The concept of complementizers is specific to certain modern grammatical theories; in traditional grammar, such words are normally considered either conjunctions or relative pronouns.
The standard abbreviation for ''complementizer'' is C. The complementizer is often held to be the syntactic head of a full clause, which is therefore often represented by the abbreviation CP (for ''complementizer phrase''). Evidence that the complementizer functions as the head of its clause includes the fact that it is commonly the last element in a clause in head-final languages like Korean or Japanese, in which other heads follow their complements, whereas it appears at the start of a clause in head-initial languages such as English, where heads normally precede their complements.
==Types and development==
It is common for the complementizers of a language to develop historically from other syntactic categories (a process known as grammaticalization). Across the languages of the world, it is especially common for pronouns or determiners to be used as complementizers (e.g., English ''that''). Another frequent source of complementizers is the class of interrogative words. It is especially common for a form that otherwise means ''what'' to be borrowed as a complementizer, but other interrogative words are often used as well; e.g., colloquial English ''I read in the paper how it's going to be cold today'', with unstressed ''how'' roughly equivalent to ''that''). English ''for'' in sentences like ''I would prefer for there to be a table in the corner'' shows a preposition that has arguably developed into a complementizer. (The sequence ''for there'' in this sentence is not a prepositional phrase under this analysis.) In many languages of West Africa and South Asia, the form of the complementizer can be related to the verb ''say''. In these languages, the complementizer is also called the quotative. The quotative performs many extended functions in these languages.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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