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Condottieri (; singular condottiero and condottiere) were the leaders (or warlords) of the professional, military free companies (or mercenaries) contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy〔Lenman, B., Anderson, T. ''Chambers Dictionary of World History'', p. 200〕 from the late Middle Ages and throughout the Renaissance. In Renaissance Italian, ''condottiero'' meant "contractor", and was synonymous with the modern English title ''Mercenary Captain''. In contemporary Italian, "condottiero" acquired the broader meaning of "military leader", not restricted to mercenaries. In Italian historiography, Renaissance mercenary captains are usually called capitani di ventura (literally "venture captains"). These Italian words were standard usage in English writing of the Napoleonic times that remained current in written histories until the late 20th century; because formally employed, standing, professional armies were uncommon until late in the Napoleonic Wars (1800–1815) thus, the word ''Condottiere'' in the English language has come to denote, in the modern sense, any hired soldier.〔Dictionary.com, "condottiere," in Dictionary.com Unabridged. Source location: Random House, Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/condottiere. Available: http://dictionary.reference.com. Accessed: January 09, 2015.〕 ==History== In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Italian city-states of Venice, Florence, and Genoa were very rich from their trade with the Levant, yet possessed woefully small national armies. In the event that foreign powers and envious neighbors attacked, the ruling nobles hired foreign mercenaries to fight for them. The military-service terms and conditions were stipulated in a ''condotta'' (contract) between the city-state and the soldiers (officer and enlisted man), thus, the ''contracted'' leader, the mercenary captain commanding, was titled the ''Condottiere''. From the eleventh to the thirteenth century, European soldiers led by professional officers fought against the Muslims in the Crusades (1095–1291). These crusading officers provided large-scale warfare combat experience in the Holy Land. On the Crusades’ conclusion, the first masnada (bands of roving soldiers) appeared in Italy. Given the profession, some ''masnade'' were less mercenaries than bandits and desperate men. These ''masnada'' were not Italian, but (mostly) German, from the Duchy of Brabant (hence, ''Brabanzoni''), and from Catalonia and Aragon. The latter were Spanish soldiers who had followed King Peter III of Aragon in the War of the Sicilian Vespers in Italy in October 1282, and, post-war, remained there, seeking military employment. By 1333 other mercenaries had arrived in Italy to fight with John of Bohemia as the ''Compagnia della Colomba'' (Company of the Dove) in Perugia’s war against Arezzo. The first well organised mercenaries in Italy were the Ventura Companies of Duke Werner von Urslingen and Count Konrad von Landau. Werner’s company differed from other mercenary companies because its code of military justice imposed discipline ''and'' an equal division of the contract’s income. The Ventura Company increased in number until becoming the fearsome “Great Company” of some 3,000 ''barbute'' (each ''barbuta'' comprised a knight and a sergeant). The first mercenary company with an Italian condottiero as its chief was the "Company of St. George" formed in 1339 and led by Lodrisio Visconti. This company was defeated and destroyed by Luchino Visconti of Milan (another condottiero and uncle of Lodrisio) in April 1339. Later, in 1377, a second "Company of St. George" was formed under the leadership of Alberico da Barbiano, also an Italian and the Count of Conio, who later taught military science to condottieri such as Braccio da Montone and Giacomuzzo Attendolo Sforza, who also served in the company.〔Machiavelli, Niccolò. ''The Prince'', trans. & ed. Rebhorn, Wayne A. Ch. 12, note 12, p. 57. ISBN 1-59308-328-9〕 Once aware of their military power monopoly in Italy, the condottieri bands became notorious for their capriciousness, and soon dictated terms to their ostensible employers. In turn, many condottieri, such as Braccio da Montone and Muzio Sforza, became powerful politicians. As most were educated men acquainted with Roman military-science manuals (e.g. Vegetius’s ''Epitoma rei militarii''), they began viewing warfare from the perspective of ''military science'', rather than that of valor or physical courage —a great, consequential departure from chivalry, the traditional medieval model of soldiering. Consequently, the condottieri fought by ''outmanoeuvring'' the opponent and fighting his ''ability'' to wage war, rather than risk uncertain fortune —defeat, capture, death— in battlefield combat. The earlier, medieval condottieri developed the ''art of war'' (strategy and tactics) into ''military science'' more than any of their historical military predecessors —fighting ''indirectly'', not ''directly''— thus, only reluctantly endangering themselves and their enlisted men, avoiding battle when possible, also avoiding hard work and winter campaigns, as these all reduced the total number of trained soldiers available, and was detrimental to their political and economic interest.〔Mallett, ''Mercenaries and their Masters'', p. 6〕 Niccolò Machiavelli even said that condottieri fought each other in grandiose, but often pointless and near-bloodless battles. However, later in the Renaissance the condottieri line of battle still deployed the grand armoured knight and medieval weapons and tactics after most European powers had begun employing professional standing armies of pikemen and musketeers —this helped to contribute to their eventual decline and destruction. In 1347, Cola di Rienzo (Tribune and effective dictator of the city) had Werner von Urslingen executed in Rome, and Konrad von Landau assumed command of the Great Company. On the conclusion (1360) of the Peace of Bretigny between England and France, Sir John Hawkwood led an army of English mercenaries, called the White Company, into Italy, which took a prominent part in the confused wars of the next thirty years. Towards the end of the century the Italians began to organize armies of the same description. This ended the reign of the purely mercenary company, and began that of the semi-national mercenary army which endured in Europe till replaced by the national standing army system. In 1363, Count von Landau was betrayed by his Hungarian soldiers, and defeated in combat, by the White Company’s more advanced tactics under commanders Albert Sterz and John Hawkwood. Strategically, the ''barbuta'' was replaced with the three-soldier, mounted ''lancia'' (a ''capo-lancia'', a groom, and a boy); five ''lance'' composed a ''posta'', five ''poste'' composed a ''bandiera'' (flag). By that time, the campaigning condottieri companies were as much Italian as foreign: the Astorre I Manfredi’s ''Compagnia della Stella'' (Star Company); a new Company of St. George under Ambrogio Visconti; Niccolò da Montefeltro’s ''Compagnia del Cappelletto'' (Little Hat Company); and the ''Compagnia della Rosa'', commanded by Giovanni da Buscareto and Bartolomeo Gonzaga. From the fifteenth century hence, most ''condottieri'' were landless Italian nobles who had chosen the profession of arms as livelihood; the most famous of such mercenary captains was the son of Caterina Sforza, Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, from Forlì, known as ''The Last Condottiere''; his son was Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany; besides noblemen, ''princes'' also fought as condottieri, given the sizable income to their estates, notably Sigismondo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini, and Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino; despite war-time inflation, soldier’s pay was high: * 1,900 monthly florins in 1432: Micheletto Attendolo (Florence) * 6,600 monthly florins in 1448: William VIII of Montferrat, from Francesco Sforza (Milan); the enlisted soldier’s pay was 3,300 florins, half that of an officer’s * 33,000 yearly scudi for 250 men in 1505: Francesco II Gonzaga (Florence) * 100,000 yearly scudi for 200 men in 1505: Francesco Maria I della Rovere (Florence) The condottieri company commanders selected the soldiers to enlist; the ''condotta'' was a consolidated contract, and, when the ''ferma'' (service period) elapsed, the company entered an ''aspetto'' (wait) period, wherein, the contracting city-state considered its renewal. If the ''condotta'' expired definitively, the condottiere could not declare war against the contracting city-state for two years. This military–business custom was respected because professional reputation (business credibility) was everything to the condottieri; a deceived employer was a reputation ruined; likewise for maritime mercenaries, whose ''contratto d’assento'' (contract of assent) stipulated naval military-service terms and conditions; sea captains and sailors so-contracted were called ''assentisti''. Their principal employers were Genoa and the Papal States, beginning in the fourteenth century, yet, Venice considered it humiliating to so employ military sailors, and did not use naval mercenaries, even during the greatest danger in the City’s history. In fifteenth-century Italy, the ''condottieri'' were masterful lords of war; during the wars in Lombardy, Machiavelli observed: :''History'' I. vii. In 1487, at Calliano, the Venetians successfully met and acquitted themselves against the German landsknechte and the Swiss infantry, who then were the best soldiers in Europe. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「condottieri」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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