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conspiracy theory
A conspiracy theory is an explanatory hypothesis that suggests that two or more persons, a group, or an organization of having caused or covered up, through secret planning and deliberate action, an event or situation which is typically taken to be illegal or harmful. Although the term "conspiracy theory" has acquired a derogatory meaning over time and is often used to dismiss or ridicule beliefs in conspiracies,〔"20th Century Words" (1999) John Ayto, Oxford University Press, p. 15.〕 it has also continued to be used to refer to actual, proven conspiracies, such as United States President Richard Nixon and his aides conspiring to cover up the Watergate scandal in the 1970s.
Conspiracy theories primarily invalidate hierarchy as many suggest that the people (or beings) in places of power have malicious intent or have performed malicious actions.
== Usage of the term ==
Some scholars suggest that people formulate conspiracy theories to explain, for example, power relations in social groups and the perceived existence of evil forces.〔(Link text ), Türkay Salim Nefes (2013) ''The Sociological Review'' Volume 61, Issue 2, pages 247–264.〕〔(Link text ), Türkay Salim Nefes (2012), ''Journal of Historical Sociology'', Volume 25, Issue 3, pages 413–439, September 2012.〕 It has been suggested by some thinkers that conspiracy theories have chiefly psychological or socio-political origins. Proposed psychological origins include projection; the personal need to explain "a significant event () a significant cause;" and the product of various kinds and stages of thought disorder, such as paranoid disposition, ranging in severity to diagnosable mental illnesses. Some people prefer socio-political explanations over the insecurity of encountering random, unpredictable, or otherwise inexplicable events.〔Justin Fox: ("Wall Streeters like conspiracy theories. Always have" ), ''Time Magazine,'' 1 October 2009.〕〔 However, some thinkers, particularly philosophers, have argued that belief in conspiracy theories can be rational and that the skepticism of conspiracy theorising (the generation of conspiracy theories) is akin to a modern-day superstition.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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