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constitution
A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.〔''The New Oxford American Dictionary'', Second Edn., Erin McKean (editor), 2051 pages, May 2005, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517077-6.〕 These rules together make up, i.e. ''constitute'', what the entity is. When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a ''written'' constitution; if they are written down in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a ''codified'' constitution.
Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights. An example is the constitution of the United States of America.
The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 118 amendments, with 117,369 words in its English-language translation, while the United States Constitution is the shortest written constitution, containing seven articles and 27 amendments, and a total of 4,400 words.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=National Constitution Center )〕
==Etymology==
The term ''constitution'' comes through French from the Latin word ''constitutio'', used for regulations and orders, such as the imperial enactments (''constitutiones principis'': edicta, mandata, decreta, rescripta).〔(The historical and institutional context of Roman law, George Mousourakis, 2003, p. 243 )〕 Later, the term was widely used in canon law for an important determination, especially a decree issued by the Pope, now referred to as an ''apostolic constitution''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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