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Cossacks (; (ロシア語:казаки́) or каза́ки ), ''kazaki'' are a group of predominantly East Slavic-speaking people who became known as members of autonomous, semi-military communities,〔Cossacks lived along major rivers — Dnieper, Don, Volga, Terek, Ural, Amur — and had excellent naval capabilities and skills — they were excellent fishermen and sea merchants in peaceful times and executed expert naval service in war times.〕 predominantly located in Ukraine and in Russia. They inhabited sparsely populated areas and islands in the lower Dnieper,〔R.P. Magocsi, ''A History of Ukraine,'' pp. 179–181〕 Don, Terek, and Ural river basins and played an important role in the historical and cultural development of both Russia and Ukraine.〔A noted author, Count Leo Tolstoy, wrote "... that all of the Russian history has been made by Cossacks. No wonder Europeans call all of us that... Our people as a whole wish to be Cossacks." (L. Tosltoy, A Complete Collection of Works, v. 48, page 123, Moscow, 1952; Полн. собр. соч. в 90 т. М., 1952 г., т.48, стр. 123)"〕 The origins of the first Cossacks are disputed, though the 1710 Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk claimed Khazar origin.〔In the 19th century, Peter V. Golubovsky of Kiev University explained that the Severians made up a significant part of early medieval Russians and Khazars. He described the Khazar state as the "Slavic stronghold in the East". Many Khazars, like Cossacks, as described in ''The Cossacks'' by Leo Tolstoy, could be Slavic-Turkic bilinguals. * Golubovsky Peter V. (1884) (''Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries'' ) (Печенеги, Торки и Половцы до нашествия татар. История южно-русских степей IX—XIII вв.); available at Runivers.ru in DjVu format. Later Mikhail Artamonov and his school confirmed many of Golubovsky's conclusions.〕〔The connection is in part supported by old Cossack ethonyms such as kazara ((ロシア語:казара)), kazarla ((ロシア語:казарла)), kozarlyhi(), kazare ((ロシア語:казарре)); cf. N. D. Gostev, "About the use of "Kazarа" and other derivative words," ''Kazarla'' ethnic magazine, 2010, №1. (link) The name of the Khazars in Old Russian chronicles is ''kozare'' ().〕 The traditional post-imperial historiography dates the emergence of Cossacks to the 14th or 15th centuries, when two connected groups emerged, the Zaporozhian Sich of the Dnieper and the Don Cossack Host.〔The Don Host and the Sich region had close ties, and both Hosts participated in numerous joint war expeditions. The best known is Azov Sitting, when Don and Zaporozhian Cossacks took over the Azov fortress and defended it with the aid of volunteers for 5 years against Turkish armed forces. A permanent exchange of Cossacks took place between the Zaporozhie region and the Don region; Dinskoy (Don) Kuren (division) was one of the Kurens that made up the Sich. The historical relation between the groups is reflected in similar names among major towns in the Don and Dniepr regions, for example, Novocherkassk city and Starocherkasskaya stanitsa in the Don region, and Cherkasy city in Ukraine. Moscovite chronicles use the exonym ''Cherkasy'' to refer both to enemy Cossacks (from Polish, Turk, and Tatar armies) and to Dnieper Cossacks, even when the latter were allied with Moscow. The Lower Dnieper (Zaporozhian) Cossacks often referred to Higher Dnieper (Malorussian) Cossacks as ''Cherkasy'' as well.〕 The Zaporizhian Sich were a vassal people of Poland–Lithuania during feudal times. Under increasing social and religious pressure from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the mid-17th century the Sich declared an independent Cossack Hetmanate, initiated by a rebellion under Bohdan Khmelnytsky. This uprising, which had been preceded by genocide, enslavement, and major depredation of the Ukrainian population, culminated in purging and pogroms against Polish and Jewish communities. Afterwards, the Treaty of Pereyaslav (1659) brought most of the Ukrainian Cossack state under Russian rule.〔(''From Tak to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans'' ), Yale Richmond, Intercultural Press, 1995, p. 294〕 The Sich with its lands became an autonomous region under the Russian-Polish protectorate. The Don Cossack Host, which had been established by the 16th century,〔( "Don River – History and economy" ), ''Encyclopædia Britannica''〕 allied with the Tsardom of Russia. Together they began a systematic conquest and colonisation of lands in order to secure the borders on the Volga, the whole of Siberia (see Yermak Timofeyevich), and the Yaik and the Terek Rivers. Cossack communities had developed along the latter two rivers well before the arrival of the Don Cossacks.〔Andrew Gordeyev. ''The History of Cossacks'', Moscow, 1992〕 By the 18th century, Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire occupied effective buffer zones on its borders. The expansionist ambitions of the Empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension given their traditional exercise of freedom, democratic self-rule, and independence. Cossacks such as Stenka Razin, Kondraty Bulavin, Ivan Mazepa, and Yemelyan Pugachev, led major anti-imperial wars and revolutions in the Empire in order to abolish slavery and odious bureaucracy and to maintain independence. The Empire responded by ruthless executions and tortures, the destruction of the western part of the Don Cossack Host during the Bulavin Rebellion in 1707–1708, the destruction of Baturyn after Mazepa's rebellion in 1708,〔See, for example, Executions of Cossacks in Lebedin.〕 and the formal dissolution of the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Host in 1775, after Pugachev's Rebellion.〔After the Pugachev rebellion, the Empire renamed the Yaik Host, its capital, Yaik Cossaks, and Zimoveyskaya Cossack town in the Don region, to try to encourage the Cossacks to forget the men and their rebellions. At the same time the Empire formally dissolved the Lower Dnieper Zaporozhian Cossack Host and destroyed their fortress (the Sich per se) on Dnieper, perhaps in part due to the participation of some Zaporozhians and other Ukrainian exiles in Pugachev's rebellion. During his campaign, Pugachev issued manifests to restore all borders and freedoms of both the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Lower Dnieper (Nizovy in Russian) Cossack Host under the joint protectorate of Russia and the Commonwealth.〕 By the end of the 18th century, Cossack nations had been transformed into a special military estate (Sosloviye), "a military class".〔The Malorussian Cossacks (the former "Registered Cossacks" ("Town Zaporozhian Host" in Russia)) were excluded from this transformation, but were promoted to members of various civil estates or classes (often Russian nobility), including the newly created civil estate of Cossacks.〕 Similar to the knights of medieval Europe in feudal times or the tribal Roman Auxiliaries, the Cossacks came to military service having to obtain charger horses, arms, and supplies at their own expense. The government provided only firearms and supplies for them.〔Lacking horses, the poor served in Cossack infantry and in Cossack artillery. The Russian Navy had no Cossack ships and units. This is why Cossacks served with other people in the Navy only.〕 Cossack service was considered the most rigorous one. Because of their military tradition, Cossack forces played an important role in Russia's wars of the 18th–20th centuries such as the Great Northern War, the Seven Years' War, the Crimean War, Napoleonic Wars, Caucasus War, numerous Russo-Persian Wars, numerous Russo-Turkish Wars, and the First World War. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Tsarist regime used Cossacks extensively to perform police service (for example, both to prevent pogroms and to suppress the revolutionary movement, especially in 1905–7).〔Their use to suppress pogroms is reflected in a story by a prominent Jewish writer Sholom Aleichem, titled "A Wedding Without Musicians", which describes how a Jewish shtetl in Ukraine is aided by a Cossack unit that disperses a pogrom by the local mob. See Шолом Алейхем, "Быть бы свадьбе, да музыки не нашлось", Гослитиздат, Moscow, 1961.().〕 They also served as border guards on national and internal ethnic borders (as was the case in the Caucasus War). During the Russian Civil War, Don and Kuban Cossacks were the first nations to declare open war against the Bolsheviks. By 1918, Cossacks declared the complete independence of their nations and formed the independent states, the Ukrainian State, the Don Republic, and the Kuban People's Republic. The Cossack troops formed the effective core of the anti-Bolshevik White Army, and Cossack republics became centers for the Anti-Bolshevik White movement. With the victory of the Red Army, the Cossack lands were subjected to Decossackization and the man-made famine of 1932–33 (Holodomor). After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Cossacks made a systematic return to Russia. Many took an active part in Post-Soviet conflicts and Yugoslav Wars. In Russia's 2010 Population Census, Cossacks have been recognized as an ethnicity.〔 There are Cossack organizations in Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Poland, and the United States. ==Etymology== Max Vasmer's etymological dictionary traces the name to the Old East Slavic word , a loanword from Cuman, in which ''cosac'' meant "free man".〔For a detailed analysis, see Omeljan Pritsak. "The Turkic Etymology of the Word Qazaq 'Cossack'." ''Harvard Ukrainian Studies'' 28.1-4 (2006/2007): 237-XII.〕 The ethnonym Kazakh is from the same Turkic root.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Online Etymology Dictionary )〕〔Iaroslav Lebedynsky, ''Histoire des Cosaques Ed Terre Noire'', p38.〕 In written sources the name first attested in ''Codex Cumanicus'' from the 13th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cossacks )〕 In English, "Cossack" is first attested in 1590. (False eytmologies have sometimes linked it to the Irish surname Cossack, which is an unrelated homonym: a variant of the Norman Irish surname Cusack.) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cossacks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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