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Crowdsourcing, a modern business term coined in 2005, is defined by Merriam-Webster as the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community, rather than from traditional employees or suppliers; a portmanteau of "crowd" and "outsourcing,"〔Schenk, Eric; Guittard, Claude (2009). (Crowdsourcing: What can be Outsourced to the Crowd, and Why ? )〕〔 Hirth,Matthias; Hoßfeld, Tobias; Tran-Gia, Phuoc. (Anatomy of a Crowdsourcing Platform - Using the Example of Microworkers.com ). 5th IEEE International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS 2011), June 2011, DOI: 10.1109/IMIS.2011.89〕 its more specific definitions are yet heavily debated.〔 This mode of sourcing is often used to divide tedious work between participants, and has a history of success prior to the digital age—"offline," see the linked and examples appearing below. By definition, crowdsourcing combines the efforts of numerous self-identified volunteers or part-time workers, where each contributor, acting on their own initiative, adds a small contribution that combines with those of others to achieve a greater result; hence, it is distinguished from outsourcing in that the work comes from an undefined public, rather than being commissioned from a specific, named group. Regarding the most significant advantages of using crowdsourcing the literature generally discussed costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, and diversity. Crowdsourcing can apply to a wide range of activities. Crowdsourcing can involve division of labor for tedious tasks split to use crowd-based outsourcing, but it can also apply to specific requests, such as crowdfunding, a broad-based competition, and a general search for answers, solutions, or a missing person. Crowdtesting is another example of the utilization of the crowd to provide software testing services. Crowdtesting is becoming a major player in the software world with recent studies stating that 55% of companies have adopted crowdsourced services in 2014 and more plan to utilize crowdtesters in 2015 and moving forward. ==Definitions== Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson, editors at Wired Magazine, coined the term "crowdsourcing" in 2005 after conversations about how businesses were using the Internet to outsource work to individuals.〔 Howe and Robinson came to the conclusion that what was happening was like "outsourcing to the crowd," which quickly led to the portmanteau "crowdsourcing." Howe first published a definition for the term "crowdsourcing" in a companion blog post to his June 2006 ''Wired'' magazine article, "The Rise of Crowdsourcing," which came out in print just days later: "Simply defined, crowdsourcing represents the act of a company or institution taking a function once performed by employees and outsourcing it to an undefined (and generally large) network of people in the form of an open call. This can take the form of peer-production (when the job is performed collaboratively), but is also often undertaken by sole individuals. The crucial prerequisite is the use of the open call format and the large network of potential laborers." In a February 1, 2008 article, Daren C. Brabham, "the first () to publish scholarly research using the word crowdsourcing" and writer of the 2013 book, ''Crowdsourcing,'' defined it as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model."〔 After studying more than 40 definitions of crowdsourcing in the scientific and popular literature, Enrique Estellés-Arolas and Fernando González Ladrón-de-Guevara, researchers at the Technical University of Valencia, developed a new integrating definition: "Crowdsourcing is a type of participative online activity in which an individual, an institution, a non-profit organization, or company proposes to a group of individuals of varying knowledge, heterogeneity, and number, via a flexible open call, the voluntary undertaking of a task. The undertaking of the task; of variable complexity and modularity, and; in which the crowd should participate, bringing their work, money, knowledge Henk van Ess, a college lecturer in online communications, emphasizes the need to "give back" the crowdsourced results to the public on ethical grounds. His non-scientific, non-commercial definition is widely cited in the popular press: "Crowdsourcing is channeling the experts’ desire to solve a problem and then freely sharing the answer with everyone." Despite the multiple definitions of crowdsourcing, one constant has been the broadcasting of problems to the public, and an open call for contributions to solving the problem. Members of the public submit solutions which are then owned by the entity which broadcast the problem. In some cases, the contributor of the solution is compensated monetarily, with prizes or with recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be kudos or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from amateurs or volunteers, working in their spare time, or from experts or small businesses which were unknown to the initiating organization.〔 Another consequence of the multiple definitions is the controversy surrounding what kinds of activities can be considered crowdsourcing. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「crowdsourcing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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