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cubicularius
''Cubicularius'', Hellenized as ''koubikoularios'' ((ギリシア語:κουβικουλάριος)), was a title used for the eunuch chamberlains of the imperial palace in the later Roman Empire and in the Byzantine Empire. The feminine version, used for the ladies-in-waiting of the empresses, was ''koubikoularia'' (Greek: κουβικουλαρία).
==History==
The term derives from their service in the ''sacrum cubiculum'', the emperor's "sacred bedchamber". In the late Roman period, the ''cubicularii'' or ''koubikoularioi'' were numerous: according to John Malalas, Empress Theodora's retinue numbered as many as 4,000 ''patrikioi'' and ''koubikoularioi''.〔.〕 They were placed under the command of the ''praepositus sacri cubiculi'' and the ''primicerius sacri cubiculi'', while the other palace servants came either under the ''castrensis sacri palatii'' or the ''magister officiorum''.〔.〕 There were also special ''cubicularii''/''koubikoularioi'' for the empress (sometimes including female ''koubikoulariai''), and the office was introduced into the Roman Church as well, probably under Pope Leo I.〔
In Byzantium, they played a very important role, holding senior palace offices such as ''parakoimōmenos'' or the ''epi tēs trapezēs'', but also served in posts in the central financial departments, as provincial administrators and sometimes even as generals.〔 Gradually, in the 7th-8th centuries, the eunuchs of the imperial bedchamber proper (in Greek known as the , ''() koitōn'') were separated from the other ''koubikoularioi'' and, distinguished as the ''koitōnitai'' (Greek: ), came under the authority of the ''parakoimōmenos''. At the same time, the imperial wardrobe (''basilikon vestiarion'') and its officials also became a separate department under the ''prōtovestiarios''.〔〔 The remainder continued as the "''koubikoularioi'' of the ''kouboukleion''" (Greek: ), still under the ''praepositus'' (Greek: , ''praipositos tou eusebestatou koitōnos'' in Greek), with the ''primicerius'' (Greek: , ''primikērios tou kouboukleiou'') continuing as his chief aide.〔.〕 The office was eventually abandoned by the Byzantines, but it is not clear when: Nikolaos Oikonomides suggested the latter half of the 11th century, but Rodolphe Guilland supported its continued existence until the early 13th century.〔
By the 9th century, aside from its general use denoting a eunuch palace servant, ''koubikoularios'' had also acquired a more technical meaning as a grade or dignity in the Byzantine palace hierarchy: according to the ''Klētorologion'' of 899, the rank of ''koubikoularios'' was the second-lowest among those reserved for the eunuchs, coming after the ''spatharokoubikoularios'' and before the ''nipsistiarios''. Again according to the ''Klētorologion'', the distinctive insignia of the rank were a ''kamision'' (an over-cape similar to the ''paenula'') edged with purple, and a ''paragaudion'' (tunic).〔.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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