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The Cumans (Turkish: ''kuman/plural kumanlar'' (ハンガリー語:kun/plural kunok);〔Encyclopædia Britannica Online - (''Cuman'' )〕 ;〔Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, p. 563〕 (ラテン語:Pallidi, Comani, Cuni), (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():cuman/plural cumani), (ポーランド語:Połowcy, Plauci (Kumanowie)), (ロシア語:Половцы), Polovtsy; (ウクライナ語:Половці), Polovtsi; (ブルガリア語:Кумани), Czech: Plavci, (グルジア語:ყივჩაყი, ყიფჩაღი), German: Falones, Phalagi, Valvi, Valewen, Valani) were a Turkic〔〔Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire.' Its Origin and History to 1204" ''Speculum'', Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179; "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes..."〕 nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation. After the Mongol invasion (1237), many sought asylum in Hungary,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cuman (people) )〕 many Cumans having settled in Hungary and Bulgaria before the invasion. Related to the Pecheneg,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cumans )〕 they inhabited a shifting area north of the Black Sea and along the Volga River known as Cumania, where the Cuman-Kipchaks meddled in the politics of the Caucasus and the Khwarezm Empire.〔 Many eventually settled to the west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of Kievan Rus', the Galicia–Volhynia Principality, the Golden Horde Khanate, the Second Bulgarian Empire, Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Hungary, Moldavia, the Kingdom of Georgia, Abkhazia, the Byzantine Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Latin Empire and Wallachia.〔 The Cumans also had a pre-eminent role in the Fourth Crusade and in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.〔 Cuman and Kipchak tribes joined politically to create the Cuman-Kipchak confederation. The Cuman language is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early Turkic languages.〔 The ''Codex Cumanicus'' was a linguistic manual which was written to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cuman people. The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the Eurasian steppe who exerted an enduring impact on the medieval Balkans. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated and militarily powerful.〔 The basic instrument of Cuman political success was military force, which dominated each of the warring Balkan factions. Groups of the Cumans settled and mingled with the local population in regions of the Balkans. Those Cumans that settled in the Balkans were the founders of three successive Bulgarian dynasties (Asenids, Terterids, and Shishmanids) and the Wallachian dynasty (Basarabids).〔〔〔 But in the cases of the Basarab and Asenid dynasties, medieval documents refer to them as Vlach (Romanian) dynasties.〔For example: "Bazarab infidelis Olacus noster", "Basarab Olacus et filii eiusdem", "Bazarab filium Thocomerius scismaticum olachis nostris." http://www.arcanum.hu/mol/lpext.dll/fejer/152e/153a/1654?fn=document-frame.htm&f=templates&2.0〕 They played an active role in the Byzantine Empire, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Second Bulgarian Empire and Kingdom of Serbia, with Cuman immigrants being integrated into each country's elite. ==Etymology== The Cumans' name in Russian and German means "yellow", in reference to the color of the Cumans' hair. The Ukrainian word ''Polovtsy'' (Пóловці) means "blond", "pale yellow", since the old Ukrainian word ''polovo'' means "straw". ''Kuman'' (''quba, quw'') means "pale yellow", "yellowish grey", "pale, sallow, cream coloured" in Turkic.〔 Some authors put forward the idea that the name ''Polovtsy'' referred to "men of the field, or of the steppe" (from the Ukrainian word ''pole'': open ground, field), not to be confused with ''polyane'' (cf. Greek ''polis'': city). In Slavic languages the word ''polyane'' literally means "open ground, field". According to O. Suleymenov ''polovtsy'' came from a word for "blue-eyed", since the Serbo-Croatian word ''plav'' means "blue":〔 〕 the Eastern Slavic equivalent would take the regular form '' *polov''. A west-Rus' chronograph refers to the Cumans as being called Половцы (Polovtsy) and Кум (Kum).〔 The western Cumans, or Polovtsy, were also called ''Sorochinetses'' by the Rus, this word deriving from ''sary chechle'', which means yellow-haired in Turkic; the word was also evident in the Sary people, who went ahead of or were pushed by the Qun.〔Dobrodomov I.G., 1978, 123〕 It is uncertain whether the etymology was actually referring to Cumans or mostly Kipchaks, as both tribes had fused together and lived side by side.〔 The Cumans were called ''Folban'', ''Vallani'' or ''Valwe'' by Germans.〔 In the German account by Adam of Bremen, and in Matthaios of Edessa, the Cumans were referred to as the "Blond Ones". They were called ''Kun'' (Qoun)/Kunok by the Hungarians, and ''Polovtsy/Polovec'' (from Old East Slavic "половъ" – yellow) by the Russians – all meaning "blond".〔 The word Kipchak is derived from the Iranian ''kip'' for red, or blonde, and ''cak/chak'' meaning Scyth. It is unknown which group historians were referring to when they used the name Kipchak, as they could have been referring to the Cumans only, the Kipchaks only, or both together. The two nations joined and lived together (and possibly exchanged weaponry, culture and fused languages), with the Cumans encompassing the western half of the confederation, while the Kipchaks and (presumably) the Kangli/Kankalis (a ruling clan of the Pechenegs) encompassing the eastern half.〔 This confederation and their living together may have made it difficult for historians to write exclusively about either nation. Some of the clans of the Cuman-Kipchaks were: the Terteroba (Ter'trobichi), Etioba/Ietioba, Kay, Itogli, Kochoba (meaning "Ram Clan"), Urosoba, El'Borili, Kangarogli, Andjogli, Durut, Djartan, Karabirkli, Kotan/Hotan, Kulabaogli, Olelric, Altunopa (meaning "Gold Clan"), Toksobychi, Burchevychi, Ulashevichi (Ulash-oghlu), Chitieevichi, Elobichi, Kolabichi, Etebichi, Yeltunovychi, Yetebychi, Berish, Olperliuve (Olperlu), Emiakovie (Yemek), Phalagi, Olberli, Toksobichi/(Mamluk) Toqsoba (meaning "plump leather bottle" or "nine clans"), Borchol/ Burdjogli (meaning "pepper sons"; native tribe of a Mamluk sultan), Csertan/Curtan (meaning "pike"), Olas/Ulas (meaning "union, federation"), Kor/Kol (meaning "little, few"), Ilunesuk (meaning "little snake") and Koncsog – the latter seven having settled in Hungary.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「cumans」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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