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daeva
Daeva (''daēuua'', ''daāua'', ''daēva'') is an Avestan language term for a particular sort of supernatural entity with disagreeable characteristics. In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian canon, the ''daeva''s are "wrong gods" or "false gods" or "gods that are (to be) rejected". This meaning is – subject to interpretation – perhaps also evident in the Old Persian "''daiva'' inscription" of the 5th century BCE. In the ''Younger Avesta'', the ''daeva''s are noxious creatures that promote chaos and disorder. In later tradition and folklore, the ''dēw''s (Zoroastrian Middle Persian; New Persian ''div''s) are personifications of every imaginable evil.
''Daeva'', the Iranian language term, should not be confused with the ''deva''s of Indian religions. While the word for the Vedic spirits and the word for the Zoroastrian entities are etymologically related, their function and thematic development is altogether different. The once-widespread notion that the radically different functions of Iranian ''daeva'' and Indic ''deva'' (and ''ahura'' versus ''asura'') represented a prehistoric inversion of roles is no longer followed in 21st century academic discourse (see In comparison with Vedic usage for details).
Equivalents for Avestan ''daeva'' in Iranian languages include Pashto, Balochi, Kurdish ''dêw'', Persian ''dīv''/''deev'', all of which apply to demons, monsters, and other villainous creatures. The Iranian word was borrowed into Old Armenian as ''dew'', Georgian as ''devi'', and Urdu as ''deo'', with the same negative associations in those languages. In English, the word appears as ''daeva'', ''div'', ''deev'', and in the 18th century fantasy novels of William Thomas Beckford as ''dive''.
==Scholastic issues==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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