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The danake or danace (Greek: ) was a small silver coin of the Persian Empire (Old Persian ''dânake''), equivalent to the Greek obol and circulated among the eastern Greeks. Later it was used by the Greeks in other metals.〔Albert R. Frey, ''A Dictionary of Numismatic Names'' (New York 1917), p. 60; A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Cambridge University Press, 1993), vol. 2, p. 635.〕 The 2nd-century grammarian Julius Pollux gives the name as ''danikê'' or ''danakê'' or ''danikon'' and says that it was a Persian coin,〔A. Cunningham, "Relics from Ancient Persia in Gold, Silver, and Copper", ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 50 (1881), p. 167.〕 but by Pollux's time this was an anachronism.〔A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622.〕 The term as used by archaeologists is vague in regard to denomination. A single coin buried with the dead and made of silver or gold is often referred to as a danake and presumed to be a form of Charon's obol. Numismatists have also found the danake an elusive coin to identify, speculating that the Greeks used the term loosely for a demonetized coin of foreign origin.〔Ernest Babelon, entry on "Danaké", ''Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines'', vol. 1 (Paris: Leroux, 1901), pp. 514–518 (full text online. )〕 In Persia, the danake was originally a unit of weight for bulk silver, representing one-eighth of a shekel (1.05 gm).〔A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622, citing the evidence of the Persepolis tablets.〕 This use of the word became obsolete. In the Hellenistic period and later it designated the silver Attic obol, which originally represented the sixth part of a drachma; in New Persian ''dâng'' means "one sixth".〔 ==Customary use== (詳細はferryman who conveyed souls across the river that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead.〔Albert R. Frey, ''A Dictionary of Numismatic Names'' (New York 1917), p. 60.〕 Charon's obol is sometimes specifically called a ''naulum'' (Greek , "boat fare").〔Aristophanes, ''Frogs'' 270; Juvenal 8.97; Apuleius, ''Metamorphoses'' 6.18; Albert R. Frey, ''A Dictionary of Numismatic Names'' (New York 1917), p.158.〕 The Christian-era lexicographer Hesychius gives "the obol for the dead" as one of the meanings of ,〔Hesychius, entry on , ''Lexicon'', edited by M. Schmidt (Jena 1858–68), I 549, as cited by Gregory Grabka, "Christian Viaticum: A Study of Its Cultural Background", ''Traditio'' 9 (1953) p. 8.〕 and the Suidas defines the danake as a coin traditionally buried with the dead for paying the ferryman to cross the Acheron.〔Entry on , ''Suidae Lexicon'', edited by A. Adler (Leipzig 1931) II 5f., cited by Gregory Grabka, "Christian Viaticum", ''Traditio'' 9 (1953) p. 8.〕 In literary sources, the smallness of the denomination was taken as a reminder that death is an equalizer of rich and poor.〔Susan T. Stevens, "Charon's Obol and Other Coins in Ancient Funerary Practice," ''Phoenix'' 45 (1991), pp. 217, 219–220.〕 Although Charon's obol is usually regarded as Hellenic, archaeology indicates that the rite of placing of a coin in the mouth of the deceased was practiced also during Parthian and even Sasanian times in the region that is present-day Iran. The coin, however, was customarily a drachma.〔A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, pp. 622–623, with citations on the archaeological evidence in note 5.〕 In his entry on the , Hesychius implies that the coin was mentioned by Heracleides of Cyme in his lost work ''Persica'' around 350 B.C., placing its use (perhaps erroneously) in the Achaemenid period.〔A.D.H. Bivar, "Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures", in ''The Cambridge History of Iran'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985), vol. 2, p. 622. Bivar calls it a "bookman's notion" that danake was the correct name for the boat fare and blames a misunderstanding of a line in Callimachus.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「danake」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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