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''Darughachi'', which originally designated officials in the Mongol Empire in charge of taxes and administration in a certain province, is the plural form of the Mongolian word ''darugha''. They were sometimes referred to as governors.〔Elizabeth Endicott-West, ''Mongolian Rule in China, Local Administration in the Yuan Dynasty'' (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989); Idem, " Imperial Governance in Yuan Times," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'', 46.2 (1986): 523-549.〕 The term corresponds to the Persian داروغه ''dārugheh''〔Dehkhoda Persian dictionary: داروغه . (غ َ / غ ِ ) (ترکی - مغولی ، اِ) رئیس شبگردان . سرپاسبانان . داروغه که در زبان مغولی به معنی «رئیس » است یک اصطلاح عمومی اداری است ()〕 and the Turkic ''basqaq'' (also spelled ''baskak'') and to ''da lu hua ch'i'' (in Wade–Giles romanization, 達魯花赤 in Traditional Chinese characters, 达鲁花赤 in Simplified Chinese characters, dálǔhuāchì in Pinyin romanization) in Chinese. The Turkic term basqaq does not appear in Mongolian sources.〔Donald Ostrowski - The "tamma" and the Dual-Administrative Structure of the Mongol Empire, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 61,〕 In Russian sources, the ''darughachi'' were almost always referred to as ''baskaki''.〔See for example the reference to one under the year 1269 in A. N. Nasonov, ed., ''Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis Starshego i Mladshego Izvodov'' (Moscow and Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1950), 319.〕 They appear in the thirteenth-century soon after the Mongol Conquest but were withdrawn by 1328 and the Grand Prince of Vladimir (usually the Prince of Moscow) became the khan's tax collector and imperial son in law (''kürgen''), entrusted with gathering the ''dan or tribute from the Rus' principalities for the Golden Horde.〔Charles J. Halperin, ''Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History''(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987); Donald Ostrowski, ''Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).〕 In the 13th century, chiefs of Mongol ''darughas'' were stationed in Vladimir〔Henry Hoyle Howorth-History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2., p.128〕 and Baghdad.〔Judith G. Kolbas-The Mongols in Iran: Chingiz Khan to Uljaytu, 1220-1309, p.156〕 Beginning in 1231, Darughachi were stationed in Goryeo of Korea. 72 darughas were left at the time.〔William E Henthorn - Korea: Mongol Ivasions, 71〕 Initially, it was difficult to place, darugachis there due to repeated rebellions. By 1259 the Mongolian Empire secured the peaceful station of them in Korea. In Goryeo, the term was understood as Darugha + Achi, where achi meant sir or lord. The term survives to this day as "ajeossi" which means uncle, just as "achi" continues to mean "uncle" in modern Mongolian. Government officials from the 14th century to the early 20th century were called Byeoseul-achi, another Mongolianism surviving in Korea. The last Darughachi in Korea was Yi Ja-chun, the Yuan viceroy of Wonsan, who surrendered to Choe Yeong in 1354. Yi Ja-chun's son, Yi Seonggye, the former Mongol military officer, founded the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) based on Confucian Philosophy and Mongol Military organization. After 1921 the word ''darga'' (boss) (Khalkha pronunciation of ''darugha'') replaced the aristocratic ''noyan'' as the term for high-level officials in Mongolia.〔C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia, p.412〕 ==See also== *''Darugha'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「darughachi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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