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Decossackization (Russian: Расказачивание, ''Raskazachivaniye'') was the Bolshevik policy of systematic repressions against Cossacks of the Russian Empire, especially of the Don and the Kuban, between 1917 and 1933 aimed at the elimination of the Cossacks as a separate ethnic, political, and economic entity. Many authors characterize decossackization as genocide of the Cossacks,〔Orlando Figes. ''A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924.'' Penguin Books, 1998. ISBN 0-14-024364-X〕〔Donald Rayfield. ''Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him'' Random House, 2004. ISBN 0-375-50632-2〕〔Mikhail Heller & Aleksandr Nekrich. ''Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present.''〕〔(Soviet order to exterminate Cossacks is unearthed ) University of York Communications Office, 21 January 2003〕 while others reject this characterization.〔Чернопицкий П. Г. О судьбах казачества в советское время //Кубанское казачество: проблемы истории и возрождения. Краснодар, 1992. С. 83—85; Его же. Об одном историческом мифе //Кубанское казачество: три века исторического пути. Краснодар, 1996. С. 277—281; Осколков Е. Н. Судьбы крестьянства и казачества в России: раскрестьянивание, расказачивание //Проблемы истории казачества: Сб. науч. тр. Волгоград, 1995. С. 150—163; Перехов Я. А. Власть и казачество: поиск согласия (1920—1926 гг.). Ростов н/Д., 1997. С. 11〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Российская академия наук, Уральское отделение, Институт истории и археологии, Академия военно-исторических наук, Уральское отделение )〕 For example, Peter Holquist, a specialist of the conflict in the Don region, concludes that decossackization did not constitute an "open-ended program of genocide" but rather was a "ruthless" and "radical attempt to eliminate undesirable social groups," which showed the Soviet regime's "dedication to social engineering."〔 On the other hand, Shane O' Rourke, a specialist in Cossack history, concludes that decossackization did constitute a genocide of the Cossack people. ==Background== Cossacks were simultaneously both an ethnicity and special social estates in the Russian Empire from the 16th to the early 20th century. There were two different estates in the Russian empire. The part of the descendants of the former Cossacks of Ukrainian regiments were the less numerous civil estate of Cossacks. Any Russian empire population census allowed these Cossacks only to mention "a Cossack" as their civil estate. They did not serve in either the Cossack Hosts or the Cossack commands. Other Cossacks had dual estate. They belonged both to some civil estate and to the Cossack military estate. Though their Cossack estate was a military secret many Cossacks violated their obligations to keep this secret and mentioned "Cossack" as their social civil estate during any population census in the Russian empire to distinguish themselves from "usual peasants and soldiers". There was decossackization in the Russian empire during which many Cossacks lost their military estate and turned, as Yakiv Markovich wrote, into "the peaceful dwellers". The majority of the Cossack military estate members belonged to the civil estate of "village dwellers" (peasants). This is why General Lavr Kornilov described himself as the son of "a Cossack and a peasant". When his father had left the peasant estate because of his promotion to nobility, he did not leave the Cossack military estate in any way. But Cossacks had privileges in contrast to usual peasants. Non-Cossack peasants had the status of aliens in the Cossack regions and villages. The alien community and the Cossack community were different ones with distinct land properties in any Cossack town and village.〔 Н. М. Коркунов. Русское государственное право. Том I . СПб, Тип. М. М. Стасюлевича, 1901. Глава III. Владимир Максимович Кабузан. Население Северного Кавказа в XIX-XX веках:этностатистическое исследование . М, 1996. С. 220. Савченко, Марина Станиславовна Организационно-правовые основы деятельности казачества юга России :середина XVI - начало XX вв. Автореферат диссертации доктора юридических наук .Краснодар, 2007 Зелинский, Валерий Евгеньевич Вхождение области Войска Донского и казачества в государственно-правовое пространство России Автореферат диссертации кандидата юридических наук .Краснодар, 2009 Дулимов, Евгений Иванович Становление и инволюция государственных форм организации казачества в правовом пространстве Российского государства в XVI-XX в. в. Автореферат диссертации доктора юридических наук .Саратов, 2003 Юридический словарь. Алексеев ВВ, Миненко М А История казачества Азиатской России в трех томах: XVI-первая половина XIX века. Ин-т УрО РАН, 1995 Советская военная энциклопедия, Том 4. М, 1977 Дон и Северный Кавказ в первой половине XVI –XIX века (Курс лекций Ростовского университета) Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по сословиям и состояниям.〕 Cossack hosts performed the duty of border guards and settled in the Russian borderlands of the times: in southern Russia in the Don and Kuban areas, as well as parts of Siberia and Central Asia such as Orenburg and Transbaikalia. Because of their military tradition, Cossack forces played an important role in Russia's wars of the 17th–20th centuries such as the Crimean War, Napoleonic Wars, various Russo-Turkish Wars, and the First World War. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the tsarist regime employed them extensively to perform police service and suppress the revolutionary movement, especially in 1905–07.〔()〕 Following the Communist Revolution, a conflict broke out between the new Communist regime in Russia and the Cossacks. In the Don territory, Ataman Kaledin declared that he would "offer full support, in close alliance with the governments of the other Cossack hosts" to Kerensky's forces. Establishing ties with the Ukrainian Central Rada and the Kuban, Terek, and Orenburg hosts, Kaledin sought to overthrow Soviet regime in Russia. On 15 November 1917 Generals Kornilov, Alekseev and Denikin began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk. Imposing martial law, Kaledin moved in late November to eliminate the Soviets. On December 15, after a seven-day battle, they occupied Rostov. On 7 January 1918, Soviet troops began a coordinated offensive from Gorlovka, Lugansk, and Millerovo. They were supported by uprisings of the workers, alien peasants and Red Cossacks. On February 25, Bolshevik troops occupied Rostov and Novocherkassk. The remnants of the White Cossacks, headed by Ataman Popov, fled into the Salsk steppes.〔()〕 After the German forces invaded and occupied Rostov on May 8, a government headed by Ataman Krasnov was formed in the Don province. In July 1918, the White Cossack forces of Ataman Krasnov launched their first invasion of Tsaritsyn. Soviet forces counterattacked and drove out the White Cossacks by September 7. On September 22, Krasnov's forces launched a second invasion of Tsaritsyn but by October 25, Krasnov's forces were thrown back beyond the Don by Soviet troops. On January 1, 1919, Krasnov launched a third invasion of Tsaritsyn. Soviet forces repelled the invasion and forced Krasnov's forces to withdraw from Tsaritsyn in mid-February 1919.〔()〕 In the period that General Krasnov's White Cossack forces controlled the Don province, from May 1918 to February 1919, the "All-Great Don Host" was estimated to have killed between 25,000 to 45,000 people.〔 In November 1920 Feliks Dzerzhinsky, head of the Cheka, reported to Lenin:
The Pyatigorsk Cheka organized a "day of Red Terror" to execute 300 people in one day. They ordered local Communist Party organizations to draw up execution lists. According to one of the chekists, "this rather unsatisfactory method led to a great deal of private settling of old scores. ... In Kislovodsk, for lack of a better idea, it was decided to kill people who were in the hospital." Many Cossack towns were burned to the ground, and all survivors deported on the orders by Sergo Ordzhonikidze who was head of the Revolutionary Committee of the Northern Caucasus.〔Robert Gellately. ''(Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe )'' Knopf, 2007 ISBN 1-4000-4005-1 pp. 70–71.〕 The files of Sergo Ordzhonikidze include documents which detail such operations. On the 23rd of October he ordered:
Three weeks later Ordzhonikidze received a report outlining how the operation was progressing:
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